BMSC 207 Midterm Exam Questions With
Correct Answers
Physiology |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |study |of |the |normal |functioning |of |a |living |organism |
and |its |component |parts, |including |all |its |chemical |and |physical |processes. |Aristotle |said |it |was
|the |knowledge |of |nature. |Hippocrates |said |it |was |the |healing |power |of |nature.
Emergent |Properties |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Properties |of |a |complex |system |that |cannot |be |
explained |by |a |knowledge |of |a |systems |individual |components. |A |result |of |complex |and |
nonlinear |interactions. |We |know |the |structure |of |a |neuron |but |how |it |interacts |with |others |is |
much |more |complex |than |the |structure |implies. |An |example |is |the |human |genome |project: |1 |
gene=1 |protein |but |it |is |actually |much |more |complex |than |that.
Integrative |Science |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Physiology |is |this. |It |covers |chemistry, |molecular |
biology, |cell |biology, |and |ecology. |It |is |closely |tied |to |anatomy |because |the |structure |will |
provide |a |physical |base |for |the |function.
Cells |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Smallest |unit |of |structure |capable |of |carrying |out |life |processes.
Tissue |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Collection |of |cells |carrying |out |related |functions.
Organ |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Formation |of |tissues |into |a |structural |and |functional |unit.
Organ |System |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Integrated |groups |of |organs.
Body |Systems |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-It |is |often |common |to |study |each |system |individually |
but |there |is |actually |a |lot |of |integration |between |the |organ |systems. |Some |variables |are |
controlled |by |many |systems.
,Teleological |Approach |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |function |or |"why" |
Ex. |Why |do |red |blood |cells |transport |oxygen? |Because |cells |need |oxygen |and |the |RBC's |bring |
it.
Mechanistic |Approach |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |mechanism |or |"how" |
Ex. |How |do |RBC's |transport |oxygen? |Oxygen |bind |to |hemoglobin |in |the |red |blood |cells. |
This |is |much |more |the |focus |of |physiologists.
10 |Organ |Systems |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1- |Musculoskeletal-skeletal, |muscles, |bone
2- |Integumentary-skin
3- |Digestive- |stomach, |intestines, |liver, |pancreas
4- |Circulatory- |heart, |blood |vessels, |blood |
5- |Respiratory-Lungs, |airway
6- |Immune- |Thymus, |spleen, |lymph |nodes
7- |Endocrine- |Thyroid |gland, |adrenal |gland
8- |Nervous-Brain, |spinal |cord
9- |Urinary- |Kidneys, |bladder
10- |Reproductive- |Ovaries, |uterus, |and |testes.
Homeostasis |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |ability |to |maintain |a |relatively |stable |internal |
environment |despite |exposure |to |external |variability. |Along |with |regulation |of |the |internal |
environment |it |is |a |key |focus |of |physiology. |Originally |termed |by |Walter |Cannon |and |means |
like |of |similar |condition. |Conditions |in |each |person |vary |slightly.
Homeostasis |and |Disease |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-There |can |be |an |external |change |such |as |
toxic |chemicals, |physical |trauma, |foreign |invaders |or |internal |changes |such |as |abnormal |cell |
growth, |autoimmune |disorders, |genetic |disorders |that |lead |the |body |to |attempt |to |
compensate |which |will |either |lead |to |health |or |a |pathophysiological |state.
,Pathophysiology |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Abnormal |physiology
Extracellular |Fluid |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Considered |as |the |internal |environment |of |the |
body. |Surrounding |cells |it |is |a |buffer |between |cells |and |the |external |environment. |Composed |
of |the |plasma |and |interstitial |fluid.
Dynamic |Steady |State |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-the |internal |environment |is |in |a |relatively |
steady |state |but |is |dynamic |in |that |materials |are |constantly |moving |back |and |forth |between |
the |extracellular |and |intracellular |fluid.
Law |of |Mass |Balance |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-If |the |amount |of |a |substance |in |the |body |is |to |
remain |constant, |any |gain |must |be |offset |by |an |equal |loss.
Input: |diet-food, |water |Lungs, |Skin, |Metabolic |production
Output: |Pee, |feces, |lungs, |skin, |metabolism
The |body |load |is |what |is |typically |in |the |body.
Homeostasis |and |equilibrium |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-These |concepts |are |NOT |equal. |The |ECF
|and |ICF |must |have |different |concentrations |for |basic |survival. |When |studying |this |it |is |much |
easier |to |study |the |plasma |rather |than |the |individual |cells. |The |ultimate |goal |is |to |maintain |
the |dynamic |steady |states |of |body |compartments.
Control |Systems |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-To |maintain |homeostasis |the |body |monitors |certain |
key |functions/variables. |The |variables |are |kept |in |a |normal |range |by |these |control |
mechanisms. |They |can |be |local |(one |area) |or |reflex |(through |out |the |body). |
Input |signal(variable |sensed)-Integrating |centre(takes |in |info |and |decides)-Output |signal(try |to |
fix)-Response(action |is |taken).
, Local |Control |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Restricted |to |tissues |or |cells |involved. |Ex. |Active |cells |
reduce |the |amount |of |oxygen |in |the |tissue |so |endothelial |cells |send |local |signals |which |causes
|vasodialation |and |oxygen |levels |are |restored.
Reflex |Control |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Long |distance |signaling- |changes |are |widespread |
throughout |the |body |(systemic) |use |more |complex |control |systems. |Any |mechanism |of |this |
type |with |use |either |the |endocrine |system |or |the |nervous |system. |The |response |loop |causes |
movement |in |the |downward |direction |while |the |feedback |loop |modulates |the |response |loop |
and |feeds |back |to |ultimately |influence |the |input. |
3 |types- |negative, |positive, |and |feed |forward. |
The |acceptable |set |point |range |is |variable |depending |on |the |parameter |and |can |be |either |
narrow |or |slightly |broader. |Ex. |The |fish |tank.
Reflex |control |can |be |antagonistic |using |two |different |systems. |Think |of |the |heating |and |
cooling |of |a |house.
Negative |feedback |loop |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-a |pathway |in |which |the |response |opposes |or |
removes |the |stimulus |signal. |It |serves |to |stabilize |a |system, |homeostatic, |can |restore |the |initial
|state |but |cannot |prevent |the |initial |disturbance. |
Ex. |Blood |glucose |and |blood |glucoagon.
Positive |Feedback |Loop |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-A |more |rare |type, |are |not |homeostatic, |
reinforce |a |stimulus |to |drive |the |system |away |from |a |normal |value |rather |than |decreasing |or |
removing |it. |An |intervention |outside |of |the |loop |will |stop |the |response. |
Ex. |Oxytocin |in |birth.
Feedforward |Control |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-a |few |reflexes |have |evolved |that |allow |the |body |
to |predict |a |change |is |about |to |occur.
Ex. |Salivation, |stomach |acid, |digestive |contractions
Ex. |Heart |rate |increases |before |exercise
Correct Answers
Physiology |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |study |of |the |normal |functioning |of |a |living |organism |
and |its |component |parts, |including |all |its |chemical |and |physical |processes. |Aristotle |said |it |was
|the |knowledge |of |nature. |Hippocrates |said |it |was |the |healing |power |of |nature.
Emergent |Properties |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Properties |of |a |complex |system |that |cannot |be |
explained |by |a |knowledge |of |a |systems |individual |components. |A |result |of |complex |and |
nonlinear |interactions. |We |know |the |structure |of |a |neuron |but |how |it |interacts |with |others |is |
much |more |complex |than |the |structure |implies. |An |example |is |the |human |genome |project: |1 |
gene=1 |protein |but |it |is |actually |much |more |complex |than |that.
Integrative |Science |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Physiology |is |this. |It |covers |chemistry, |molecular |
biology, |cell |biology, |and |ecology. |It |is |closely |tied |to |anatomy |because |the |structure |will |
provide |a |physical |base |for |the |function.
Cells |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Smallest |unit |of |structure |capable |of |carrying |out |life |processes.
Tissue |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Collection |of |cells |carrying |out |related |functions.
Organ |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Formation |of |tissues |into |a |structural |and |functional |unit.
Organ |System |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Integrated |groups |of |organs.
Body |Systems |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-It |is |often |common |to |study |each |system |individually |
but |there |is |actually |a |lot |of |integration |between |the |organ |systems. |Some |variables |are |
controlled |by |many |systems.
,Teleological |Approach |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |function |or |"why" |
Ex. |Why |do |red |blood |cells |transport |oxygen? |Because |cells |need |oxygen |and |the |RBC's |bring |
it.
Mechanistic |Approach |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |mechanism |or |"how" |
Ex. |How |do |RBC's |transport |oxygen? |Oxygen |bind |to |hemoglobin |in |the |red |blood |cells. |
This |is |much |more |the |focus |of |physiologists.
10 |Organ |Systems |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-1- |Musculoskeletal-skeletal, |muscles, |bone
2- |Integumentary-skin
3- |Digestive- |stomach, |intestines, |liver, |pancreas
4- |Circulatory- |heart, |blood |vessels, |blood |
5- |Respiratory-Lungs, |airway
6- |Immune- |Thymus, |spleen, |lymph |nodes
7- |Endocrine- |Thyroid |gland, |adrenal |gland
8- |Nervous-Brain, |spinal |cord
9- |Urinary- |Kidneys, |bladder
10- |Reproductive- |Ovaries, |uterus, |and |testes.
Homeostasis |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-The |ability |to |maintain |a |relatively |stable |internal |
environment |despite |exposure |to |external |variability. |Along |with |regulation |of |the |internal |
environment |it |is |a |key |focus |of |physiology. |Originally |termed |by |Walter |Cannon |and |means |
like |of |similar |condition. |Conditions |in |each |person |vary |slightly.
Homeostasis |and |Disease |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-There |can |be |an |external |change |such |as |
toxic |chemicals, |physical |trauma, |foreign |invaders |or |internal |changes |such |as |abnormal |cell |
growth, |autoimmune |disorders, |genetic |disorders |that |lead |the |body |to |attempt |to |
compensate |which |will |either |lead |to |health |or |a |pathophysiological |state.
,Pathophysiology |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Abnormal |physiology
Extracellular |Fluid |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Considered |as |the |internal |environment |of |the |
body. |Surrounding |cells |it |is |a |buffer |between |cells |and |the |external |environment. |Composed |
of |the |plasma |and |interstitial |fluid.
Dynamic |Steady |State |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-the |internal |environment |is |in |a |relatively |
steady |state |but |is |dynamic |in |that |materials |are |constantly |moving |back |and |forth |between |
the |extracellular |and |intracellular |fluid.
Law |of |Mass |Balance |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-If |the |amount |of |a |substance |in |the |body |is |to |
remain |constant, |any |gain |must |be |offset |by |an |equal |loss.
Input: |diet-food, |water |Lungs, |Skin, |Metabolic |production
Output: |Pee, |feces, |lungs, |skin, |metabolism
The |body |load |is |what |is |typically |in |the |body.
Homeostasis |and |equilibrium |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-These |concepts |are |NOT |equal. |The |ECF
|and |ICF |must |have |different |concentrations |for |basic |survival. |When |studying |this |it |is |much |
easier |to |study |the |plasma |rather |than |the |individual |cells. |The |ultimate |goal |is |to |maintain |
the |dynamic |steady |states |of |body |compartments.
Control |Systems |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-To |maintain |homeostasis |the |body |monitors |certain |
key |functions/variables. |The |variables |are |kept |in |a |normal |range |by |these |control |
mechanisms. |They |can |be |local |(one |area) |or |reflex |(through |out |the |body). |
Input |signal(variable |sensed)-Integrating |centre(takes |in |info |and |decides)-Output |signal(try |to |
fix)-Response(action |is |taken).
, Local |Control |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Restricted |to |tissues |or |cells |involved. |Ex. |Active |cells |
reduce |the |amount |of |oxygen |in |the |tissue |so |endothelial |cells |send |local |signals |which |causes
|vasodialation |and |oxygen |levels |are |restored.
Reflex |Control |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Long |distance |signaling- |changes |are |widespread |
throughout |the |body |(systemic) |use |more |complex |control |systems. |Any |mechanism |of |this |
type |with |use |either |the |endocrine |system |or |the |nervous |system. |The |response |loop |causes |
movement |in |the |downward |direction |while |the |feedback |loop |modulates |the |response |loop |
and |feeds |back |to |ultimately |influence |the |input. |
3 |types- |negative, |positive, |and |feed |forward. |
The |acceptable |set |point |range |is |variable |depending |on |the |parameter |and |can |be |either |
narrow |or |slightly |broader. |Ex. |The |fish |tank.
Reflex |control |can |be |antagonistic |using |two |different |systems. |Think |of |the |heating |and |
cooling |of |a |house.
Negative |feedback |loop |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-a |pathway |in |which |the |response |opposes |or |
removes |the |stimulus |signal. |It |serves |to |stabilize |a |system, |homeostatic, |can |restore |the |initial
|state |but |cannot |prevent |the |initial |disturbance. |
Ex. |Blood |glucose |and |blood |glucoagon.
Positive |Feedback |Loop |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-A |more |rare |type, |are |not |homeostatic, |
reinforce |a |stimulus |to |drive |the |system |away |from |a |normal |value |rather |than |decreasing |or |
removing |it. |An |intervention |outside |of |the |loop |will |stop |the |response. |
Ex. |Oxytocin |in |birth.
Feedforward |Control |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-a |few |reflexes |have |evolved |that |allow |the |body |
to |predict |a |change |is |about |to |occur.
Ex. |Salivation, |stomach |acid, |digestive |contractions
Ex. |Heart |rate |increases |before |exercise
