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BIOD210 GENETICS! GET EXAMS 1–7 & FINAL 2026/2027 PORTAGE LEARNING
TEST BANK WITH 140+ PRACTICE QUESTIONS, ANSWERS, AND DETAILED
RATIONALES.ALREADY GRADED A+
Question 1
Which molecule carries the genetic instructions used in growth, development,
functioning, and reproduction of all living organisms?
A. RNA
B. Protein
C. DNA
D. Lipid
Rationale: DNA is the primary hereditary molecule that stores genetic
information. RNA and proteins are essential for gene expression, but DNA is the
blueprint.
Question 2
During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the double
helix?
A. Ligase
B. Helicase
C. Primase
D. Polymerase
Rationale: Helicase unwinds the DNA strands so replication can occur. DNA
polymerase builds new strands, primase adds primers, and ligase joins fragments.
Question 3
A heterozygous tall pea plant (Tt) is crossed with another heterozygous tall pea
plant (Tt). What is the expected genotypic ratio?
A. 1:1
B. 1:2:1
C. 3:1
D. 2:1
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Rationale: Punnett square for Tt × Tt produces TT, Tt, Tt, and tt → genotypic ratio
1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt.
Question 4
Which of the following best describes codominance?
A. One allele completely masks another.
B. A blending of traits occurs.
C. Both alleles are fully expressed.
D. Only recessive traits are expressed.
Rationale: Codominance means both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed
(e.g., AB blood type).
Question 5
What type of mutation results in a premature stop codon?
A. Missense mutation
B. Silent mutation
C. Nonsense mutation
D. Frameshift mutation
Rationale: A nonsense mutation changes an amino acid codon into a stop codon,
leading to truncated proteins.
Question 6
If a trait is X-linked recessive, which group is most likely to express the condition?
A. Females
B. Males
C. Both equally
D. Neither
Rationale: Males have only one X chromosome, so a recessive allele on X will
always be expressed.
Question 7
Which type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation?
A. mRNA
B. rRNA
C. tRNA
D. snRNA
Rationale: Transfer RNA (tRNA) delivers amino acids to the ribosome and matches
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them with codons on the mRNA.
Question 8
In Mendel’s law of segregation, alleles for a trait separate during which process?
A. Mitosis
B. Fertilization
C. Meiosis
D. Translation
Rationale: Alleles segregate during meiosis when gametes form, ensuring
offspring inherit one allele from each parent.
Question 9
Which of the following is an example of a polygenic trait?
A. Widow’s peak
B. Skin color
C. Sickle cell anemia
D. Huntington’s disease
Rationale: Polygenic traits, like skin color, are influenced by multiple genes.
Question 10
Which bond holds the two strands of DNA together?
A. Ionic bonds
B. Covalent bonds
C. Hydrogen bonds
D. Peptide bonds
Rationale: Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases (A-T, G-C) stabilize the
DNA double helix.
Question 11
What is the primary role of ribosomes in the cell?
A. DNA replication
B. Energy production
C. Protein synthesis
D. Lipid metabolism
Rationale: Ribosomes read mRNA and assemble amino acids into proteins.
Question 12
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A child inherits blood type O. What must be the parents’ genotypes?
A. AO and BO
B. AA and BO
C. AO and BO or OO and any O carrier
D. AB and OO
Rationale: Type O requires two O alleles. Parents must each contribute an O allele
(OO or AO, BO).
Question 13
Which process converts DNA into RNA?
A. Translation
B. Replication
C. Transcription
D. Mutation
Rationale: Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.
Question 14
Which phase of mitosis involves sister chromatids separating and moving to
opposite poles?
A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase
Rationale: In anaphase, sister chromatids split and are pulled to opposite ends of
the cell.
Question 15
Which type of inheritance pattern does sickle cell anemia exhibit?
A. Codominance
B. Incomplete dominance
C. Polygenic inheritance
D. Complete dominance
Rationale: In sickle cell, heterozygotes (AS) show both normal and sickle-shaped
RBCs, demonstrating incomplete dominance.
Question 16
What is the complementary strand to this DNA sequence: 5’-ATCGGTA-3’?
A. 5’-ATCGGTA-3’
BIOD210 GENETICS! GET EXAMS 1–7 & FINAL 2026/2027 PORTAGE LEARNING
TEST BANK WITH 140+ PRACTICE QUESTIONS, ANSWERS, AND DETAILED
RATIONALES.ALREADY GRADED A+
Question 1
Which molecule carries the genetic instructions used in growth, development,
functioning, and reproduction of all living organisms?
A. RNA
B. Protein
C. DNA
D. Lipid
Rationale: DNA is the primary hereditary molecule that stores genetic
information. RNA and proteins are essential for gene expression, but DNA is the
blueprint.
Question 2
During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the double
helix?
A. Ligase
B. Helicase
C. Primase
D. Polymerase
Rationale: Helicase unwinds the DNA strands so replication can occur. DNA
polymerase builds new strands, primase adds primers, and ligase joins fragments.
Question 3
A heterozygous tall pea plant (Tt) is crossed with another heterozygous tall pea
plant (Tt). What is the expected genotypic ratio?
A. 1:1
B. 1:2:1
C. 3:1
D. 2:1
,2|Page
Rationale: Punnett square for Tt × Tt produces TT, Tt, Tt, and tt → genotypic ratio
1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt.
Question 4
Which of the following best describes codominance?
A. One allele completely masks another.
B. A blending of traits occurs.
C. Both alleles are fully expressed.
D. Only recessive traits are expressed.
Rationale: Codominance means both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed
(e.g., AB blood type).
Question 5
What type of mutation results in a premature stop codon?
A. Missense mutation
B. Silent mutation
C. Nonsense mutation
D. Frameshift mutation
Rationale: A nonsense mutation changes an amino acid codon into a stop codon,
leading to truncated proteins.
Question 6
If a trait is X-linked recessive, which group is most likely to express the condition?
A. Females
B. Males
C. Both equally
D. Neither
Rationale: Males have only one X chromosome, so a recessive allele on X will
always be expressed.
Question 7
Which type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation?
A. mRNA
B. rRNA
C. tRNA
D. snRNA
Rationale: Transfer RNA (tRNA) delivers amino acids to the ribosome and matches
,3|Page
them with codons on the mRNA.
Question 8
In Mendel’s law of segregation, alleles for a trait separate during which process?
A. Mitosis
B. Fertilization
C. Meiosis
D. Translation
Rationale: Alleles segregate during meiosis when gametes form, ensuring
offspring inherit one allele from each parent.
Question 9
Which of the following is an example of a polygenic trait?
A. Widow’s peak
B. Skin color
C. Sickle cell anemia
D. Huntington’s disease
Rationale: Polygenic traits, like skin color, are influenced by multiple genes.
Question 10
Which bond holds the two strands of DNA together?
A. Ionic bonds
B. Covalent bonds
C. Hydrogen bonds
D. Peptide bonds
Rationale: Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases (A-T, G-C) stabilize the
DNA double helix.
Question 11
What is the primary role of ribosomes in the cell?
A. DNA replication
B. Energy production
C. Protein synthesis
D. Lipid metabolism
Rationale: Ribosomes read mRNA and assemble amino acids into proteins.
Question 12
, 4|Page
A child inherits blood type O. What must be the parents’ genotypes?
A. AO and BO
B. AA and BO
C. AO and BO or OO and any O carrier
D. AB and OO
Rationale: Type O requires two O alleles. Parents must each contribute an O allele
(OO or AO, BO).
Question 13
Which process converts DNA into RNA?
A. Translation
B. Replication
C. Transcription
D. Mutation
Rationale: Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.
Question 14
Which phase of mitosis involves sister chromatids separating and moving to
opposite poles?
A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase
Rationale: In anaphase, sister chromatids split and are pulled to opposite ends of
the cell.
Question 15
Which type of inheritance pattern does sickle cell anemia exhibit?
A. Codominance
B. Incomplete dominance
C. Polygenic inheritance
D. Complete dominance
Rationale: In sickle cell, heterozygotes (AS) show both normal and sickle-shaped
RBCs, demonstrating incomplete dominance.
Question 16
What is the complementary strand to this DNA sequence: 5’-ATCGGTA-3’?
A. 5’-ATCGGTA-3’
