NSG 120 FINAL EXAM 2026 – NURSING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 160
VERIFIED QUESTIONS & ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES,100%
CORRECT ALREADY GRADED A+
1.
A 55-year-old man with chronic hypertension develops left ventricular
hypertrophy. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism?
A. Myocardial necrosis
B. Increased afterload
C. Decreased preload
D. Coronary vasospasm
Answer: B. Increased afterload
Rationale: Chronic hypertension increases afterload, forcing the left ventricle to
thicken in order to pump effectively.
2.
In Type 1 diabetes mellitus, what is the underlying cause of hyperglycemia?
A. Increased insulin resistance
B. Absolute insulin deficiency
C. Excess hepatic glycogen stores
D. Increased glucose uptake by muscles
Answer: B. Absolute insulin deficiency
Rationale: Type 1 DM is caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta
cells, leading to no insulin production.
3.
,A patient with chronic kidney disease has anemia. Which mechanism explains this?
A. Loss of iron in urine
B. Suppression of bone marrow
C. Decreased erythropoietin production
D. Increased hemolysis
Answer: C. Decreased erythropoietin production
Rationale: Damaged kidneys produce less erythropoietin, reducing RBC
production and causing anemia.
4.
Which electrolyte imbalance is most closely associated with cardiac arrhythmias?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hypernatremia
C. Hypocalcemia
D. Hyponatremia
Answer: A. Hypokalemia
Rationale: Low potassium alters cardiac conduction, predisposing to arrhythmias.
5.
In asthma, what is the primary pathophysiologic process?
A. Alveolar destruction
B. Airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction
C. Pulmonary fibrosis
D. Surfactant deficiency
Answer: B. Airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction
Rationale: Asthma involves hyperresponsiveness leading to airway narrowing and
mucus secretion.
6.
,A patient develops jaundice from obstructed bile flow. Which type of jaundice is
this?
A. Pre-hepatic
B. Hepatic
C. Post-hepatic
D. Hemolytic
Answer: C. Post-hepatic
Rationale: Bile duct obstruction prevents bilirubin excretion, causing post-hepatic
jaundice.
7.
A 45-year-old obese patient with fatty liver has impaired glucose regulation. Which
condition is most likely?
A. Alcoholic liver disease
B. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
C. Viral hepatitis
D. Autoimmune hepatitis
Answer: B. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Rationale: Obesity and insulin resistance are strongly linked with NAFLD.
8.
In heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, which change is most prominent?
A. Increased contractility
B. Decreased stroke volume
C. Increased cardiac output
D. Decreased preload
Answer: B. Decreased stroke volume
Rationale: Systolic dysfunction impairs ventricular contractility, lowering stroke
volume and ejection fraction.
, 9.
Which hormone imbalance causes Cushing’s syndrome?
A. Excess cortisol
B. Deficient cortisol
C. Excess aldosterone
D. Deficient aldosterone
Answer: A. Excess cortisol
Rationale: Cushing’s results from prolonged exposure to high cortisol, endogenous
or exogenous.
10.
A patient has chronic bronchitis. Which pathologic feature is most characteristic?
A. Alveolar wall destruction
B. Fibrosis of interstitial tissue
C. Hypertrophy of mucus glands
D. Decreased pulmonary surfactant
Answer: C. Hypertrophy of mucus glands
Rationale: Chronic bronchitis involves chronic irritation causing excessive mucus
production.
11.
In myocardial infarction, what is the most direct cause of tissue death?
A. Decreased preload
B. Decreased coronary blood flow
C. Increased afterload
D. Increased myocardial oxygen demand
VERIFIED QUESTIONS & ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES,100%
CORRECT ALREADY GRADED A+
1.
A 55-year-old man with chronic hypertension develops left ventricular
hypertrophy. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism?
A. Myocardial necrosis
B. Increased afterload
C. Decreased preload
D. Coronary vasospasm
Answer: B. Increased afterload
Rationale: Chronic hypertension increases afterload, forcing the left ventricle to
thicken in order to pump effectively.
2.
In Type 1 diabetes mellitus, what is the underlying cause of hyperglycemia?
A. Increased insulin resistance
B. Absolute insulin deficiency
C. Excess hepatic glycogen stores
D. Increased glucose uptake by muscles
Answer: B. Absolute insulin deficiency
Rationale: Type 1 DM is caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta
cells, leading to no insulin production.
3.
,A patient with chronic kidney disease has anemia. Which mechanism explains this?
A. Loss of iron in urine
B. Suppression of bone marrow
C. Decreased erythropoietin production
D. Increased hemolysis
Answer: C. Decreased erythropoietin production
Rationale: Damaged kidneys produce less erythropoietin, reducing RBC
production and causing anemia.
4.
Which electrolyte imbalance is most closely associated with cardiac arrhythmias?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hypernatremia
C. Hypocalcemia
D. Hyponatremia
Answer: A. Hypokalemia
Rationale: Low potassium alters cardiac conduction, predisposing to arrhythmias.
5.
In asthma, what is the primary pathophysiologic process?
A. Alveolar destruction
B. Airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction
C. Pulmonary fibrosis
D. Surfactant deficiency
Answer: B. Airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction
Rationale: Asthma involves hyperresponsiveness leading to airway narrowing and
mucus secretion.
6.
,A patient develops jaundice from obstructed bile flow. Which type of jaundice is
this?
A. Pre-hepatic
B. Hepatic
C. Post-hepatic
D. Hemolytic
Answer: C. Post-hepatic
Rationale: Bile duct obstruction prevents bilirubin excretion, causing post-hepatic
jaundice.
7.
A 45-year-old obese patient with fatty liver has impaired glucose regulation. Which
condition is most likely?
A. Alcoholic liver disease
B. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
C. Viral hepatitis
D. Autoimmune hepatitis
Answer: B. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Rationale: Obesity and insulin resistance are strongly linked with NAFLD.
8.
In heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, which change is most prominent?
A. Increased contractility
B. Decreased stroke volume
C. Increased cardiac output
D. Decreased preload
Answer: B. Decreased stroke volume
Rationale: Systolic dysfunction impairs ventricular contractility, lowering stroke
volume and ejection fraction.
, 9.
Which hormone imbalance causes Cushing’s syndrome?
A. Excess cortisol
B. Deficient cortisol
C. Excess aldosterone
D. Deficient aldosterone
Answer: A. Excess cortisol
Rationale: Cushing’s results from prolonged exposure to high cortisol, endogenous
or exogenous.
10.
A patient has chronic bronchitis. Which pathologic feature is most characteristic?
A. Alveolar wall destruction
B. Fibrosis of interstitial tissue
C. Hypertrophy of mucus glands
D. Decreased pulmonary surfactant
Answer: C. Hypertrophy of mucus glands
Rationale: Chronic bronchitis involves chronic irritation causing excessive mucus
production.
11.
In myocardial infarction, what is the most direct cause of tissue death?
A. Decreased preload
B. Decreased coronary blood flow
C. Increased afterload
D. Increased myocardial oxygen demand
