HES 305 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE | QS & AS| GRADE A| (NEW 2026/ 2027)

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HES 305 F INAL




HES 305 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE | QS
& AS| GRADE A| (NEW 2026/ 2027)


1. Describe the function of cardiac muscle: Contracts to pump blood

2. Describe the location of cardiac muscle: Heart

3. Describe the histology of smooth muscle (4): - Short

- Spindle shaped

- Not striated

- Single nucleus

4. Describe the functions of smooth muscle (5): - Involuntary movement

- Move food

- Involuntary respiration

- Secretions

- Blood in arteries

5. Describe the locations of smooth muscle (2): - Walls of major organs




HES 305 F INAL

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- Walls of passages

6. List the structure and layers of muscle from outer layer to inner layer (3):

Fascicles -> muscle fibers -> myofibrils

7. Describe fascicles: Tightly packed bundles inside muscle

8. Describe muscle fibers: Groups of long cells inside fascicles

9. Describe myogibrils: 1000s of them inside muscle fibres

10. Where are satalite cells located?: Inside the basement membrane

of muscle fiber

11. List and describe the 3 stages of satalite cell activation: 1)

Proliferation

2) Migration, adhesion, fusion

3) Fusion, growth

20. Describe the 4 steps of the myogenic pathway of satalite cells: 1) Mitosis

into additional satalite cells

2) Formation of myotube (contains contractile proteins)

3) Translocation of myotube across sarcolemma






,4) Fusion of myotube with existing myofibril

12. List the 2 contractile properties of the muscle: 1) Thick filament

2) Thin filament

13. Describe the 3 components of the tick filament: 1) 6-subunit myosin

protein

2) 2 heavy chains (MHC)

3) 2 light chains (MLCs)

14. List the 3 components of the thin filament: 1) 2 twisted strings of spherical

actin molecules 2) Tropomyosin on actin

3) Toponin

24. List the 3 types of troponin: 1) Troponin - C

2) Triponin - I

3) Troponin - T

15. List the 6 steps of the contractile mechanisms of the thick filament:

Hydrolysis of






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ATP -> myosin head conf change -> binds to actin and Pi + energy are released

from myosin-ATP binding site -> Myosin head rotate/swing back while still

bound to actin -> ADP released from myosin binding site -> myosin stays

attached until another ATP binds

16. Describe the myosin heavy chain and mATPase activity in type I fibers: -

MHC I

- Slow

27. Describe the myosin heavy chain and mATPase activity in type IIa fibers: -

MHC

IIa

- Fast

28 Describe the myosin heavy chain and mATPase activity in type IIx fibers: -

MHC

IIx

- Very fast