NSG 223 exam 2b
NSG 223 exam 2b 2025-2026 Question and
Correct answer GRADED A+
Pulmonary embolism - ANSWERSRefers to obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches by
a thrombi that originates somewhere in the right side of the heart.
Causes of Pulmonary Embolism - ANSWERSIncludes trauma, surgery (orthopedic, abdominal, pelvic),
pregnancy, heart failure, hypercoagulable states, and prolonged immobility.
Common causes of PE - ANSWERSMost commonly due to blood clot, but can also be due to air, fat,
amniotic fluid, sepsis (bacterial vegetation).
Effects of Pulmonary Embolism - ANSWERSCan cause complete or partial occlusion, little or no blood-
flow to distal area, ventilation/perfusion impairment, and impaired or no gas exchange.
Hemodynamic changes due to PE - ANSWERSIncludes edema, regional vasoconstriction, increased
pressures, which can lead to right sided heart failure.
Clinical manifestations of PE - ANSWERSDepends on the size of the thrombus and includes dyspnea,
tachycardia, bloody sputum, cough, chest pain (pleuritic), anxiety, fever, diaphoresis, and syncope.
Emergency treatment for PE - ANSWERSIncludes nasal O2 immediately to relieve hypoxemia, respiratory
distress, and central cyanosis.
IV lines for PE treatment - ANSWERSUsed for fluids and medications such as anticoagulants and
vasopressors.
Vasopressors for hypotension - ANSWERSIf hypotension is not improved by IV fluids, give vasopressors
like Dopamine, Dobutamine, or Norepinephrine.
, NSG 223 exam 2b
Evaluations for PE - ANSWERSIncludes hemodynamic evaluation, hypoxemia evaluation (ABG), and
MDCTA.
Labs for PE treatment - ANSWERSIncludes electrolytes, CBC, and coagulation tests.
Pain relief in PE - ANSWERSMay involve small doses of morphine sulfate and sedatives if intubated.
General management for PE - ANSWERSIncludes oxygen therapy to relieve hypoxemia, anti-embolism
stockings or SCDs to reduce venous stasis, and elevating legs for venous return.
Anticoagulation therapy for suspected PE - ANSWERSTreatment may last up to 10 days.
Long-term anticoagulation after embolic event - ANSWERSMay last from 10 days to 3 months.
Anticoagulants for stable PE - ANSWERSIncludes LMW Heparin (Lovanox), unfractionated Heparin (SQ),
or new oral agents such as Dabigatran (Pradaxa) and Rivaroxaban (Xarelto).
Coumadin treatment - ANSWERSFor patients who do not qualify for new oral agents, requires regular
blood draws for INR and has bleeding precautions with the antidote being Vitamin K.
Thrombolytic therapy - ANSWERSUsed in patients with acute PE who are hemodynamically unstable and
do not have any risk factors for bleeding.
Clot busters - ANSWERSIncludes Activase and Streptase.
Criteria for thrombolytic therapy - ANSWERSPatients must meet specific criteria, and labs must be done
prior to starting treatment, including PTT, INR, Hematocrit, and Platelets.
Anticoagulant for patients not meeting criteria - ANSWERSHeparin IV is used if the patient does not
meet criteria for clot busters.
NSG 223 exam 2b 2025-2026 Question and
Correct answer GRADED A+
Pulmonary embolism - ANSWERSRefers to obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches by
a thrombi that originates somewhere in the right side of the heart.
Causes of Pulmonary Embolism - ANSWERSIncludes trauma, surgery (orthopedic, abdominal, pelvic),
pregnancy, heart failure, hypercoagulable states, and prolonged immobility.
Common causes of PE - ANSWERSMost commonly due to blood clot, but can also be due to air, fat,
amniotic fluid, sepsis (bacterial vegetation).
Effects of Pulmonary Embolism - ANSWERSCan cause complete or partial occlusion, little or no blood-
flow to distal area, ventilation/perfusion impairment, and impaired or no gas exchange.
Hemodynamic changes due to PE - ANSWERSIncludes edema, regional vasoconstriction, increased
pressures, which can lead to right sided heart failure.
Clinical manifestations of PE - ANSWERSDepends on the size of the thrombus and includes dyspnea,
tachycardia, bloody sputum, cough, chest pain (pleuritic), anxiety, fever, diaphoresis, and syncope.
Emergency treatment for PE - ANSWERSIncludes nasal O2 immediately to relieve hypoxemia, respiratory
distress, and central cyanosis.
IV lines for PE treatment - ANSWERSUsed for fluids and medications such as anticoagulants and
vasopressors.
Vasopressors for hypotension - ANSWERSIf hypotension is not improved by IV fluids, give vasopressors
like Dopamine, Dobutamine, or Norepinephrine.
, NSG 223 exam 2b
Evaluations for PE - ANSWERSIncludes hemodynamic evaluation, hypoxemia evaluation (ABG), and
MDCTA.
Labs for PE treatment - ANSWERSIncludes electrolytes, CBC, and coagulation tests.
Pain relief in PE - ANSWERSMay involve small doses of morphine sulfate and sedatives if intubated.
General management for PE - ANSWERSIncludes oxygen therapy to relieve hypoxemia, anti-embolism
stockings or SCDs to reduce venous stasis, and elevating legs for venous return.
Anticoagulation therapy for suspected PE - ANSWERSTreatment may last up to 10 days.
Long-term anticoagulation after embolic event - ANSWERSMay last from 10 days to 3 months.
Anticoagulants for stable PE - ANSWERSIncludes LMW Heparin (Lovanox), unfractionated Heparin (SQ),
or new oral agents such as Dabigatran (Pradaxa) and Rivaroxaban (Xarelto).
Coumadin treatment - ANSWERSFor patients who do not qualify for new oral agents, requires regular
blood draws for INR and has bleeding precautions with the antidote being Vitamin K.
Thrombolytic therapy - ANSWERSUsed in patients with acute PE who are hemodynamically unstable and
do not have any risk factors for bleeding.
Clot busters - ANSWERSIncludes Activase and Streptase.
Criteria for thrombolytic therapy - ANSWERSPatients must meet specific criteria, and labs must be done
prior to starting treatment, including PTT, INR, Hematocrit, and Platelets.
Anticoagulant for patients not meeting criteria - ANSWERSHeparin IV is used if the patient does not
meet criteria for clot busters.
