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APHY 101 FINAL EXAM LATEST ALL 270 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS 2025/2026 (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
Define product - ......ANSWER........Substances formed at the end of the chemical reaction
Define reactant - ......ANSWER........The starting materials of the reaction - the atoms, ions,
or molecules
Define synthesis reaction - ......ANSWER........Two or more atoms or molecules are joined
together
Denaturation - ......ANSWER........the alteration of a protein shape through some form of
external stress (for example, by applying heat, acid or alkali), in such a way that it can no
longer carry out its cellular function.
Dense Connective Tissue - ......ANSWER........Densely packed collagenous fibers; very
strong but lacks a good blood supply; found as part of tendons and ligaments.
Depolarization - ......ANSWER........When the membrane potential becomes less negative,
the membrane is depolarized. If sufficiently strong depolarization occurs, a threshold
potential is achieved as ion channels open. At threshold, action potential is reached.
DEPRESSION - ......ANSWER........moving the part inferiorly like drooping the shoulders
(opening the mouth, lowering the jaw)
Descending tracts - ......ANSWER........conduct motor impulses from the brain to motor
neurons reaching muscles and glands; comprised of axons
Describe the process of ossification. - ......ANSWER........Chondrocytes enlarge and
calcify, blood vessels invade the perichondrium, the perichondrium is converted into a
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periosteum, and the inner layer produces bone, osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage
with spongy bone, osteoclasts create a narrow cavity.
Diaphysis - ......ANSWER........Shaft of a long bone
Diencephalon - ......ANSWER........Processes sensory input; The diencephalon lies above
the brain stem and contains the thalamus and hypothalamus.
Difference between neurons and neuroglia - ......ANSWER........Neurons are highly
specialized to conduct and transmit nerve impulses from one part of the body to another;
the basic functional units of nervous tissue
Neuroglia brace and protect neurons but are not capable of generating and transmitting
nerve impulses.
Difference between smooth ER and rough ER. - ......ANSWER........With ribosomes,
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is rough ER, and functions in protein synthesis. Without
ribosomes, it is smooth ER, and functions in lipid synthesis.
Difference between synergists and antagonists? - ......ANSWER........Helper muscles are
called synergists; opposing muscles are called antagonists
Diffusion - ......ANSWER........the movement of molecules from an area of greater
concentration to one of lesser concentration until equilibrium is reached
Distinguish among osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
- ......ANSWER........Osteocytes- mature bone cells
Osteoblasts- bone-forming cells
Osteoclasts- cell that erodes bone
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DORSIFLEXION - ......ANSWER........lifting the foot so the superior surfaces approach the
shin, like rocking on your heels
Electron - ......ANSWER........subatomic particle that has a negative charge
ELEVATION - ......ANSWER........lifting the body parts superiorly like shrugging your
shoulders (closing the mouth, raising the jaw)
Endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis) - ......ANSWER........active transport mechanism
in which molecules or particles are conveyed by a vesicle in the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum - ......ANSWER........the manufacturing plant; responsible for
synthesis of proteins and lipids for use inside and outside the cell
Epiphysis - ......ANSWER........Expanded ends of bones that form joints with adjacent
bones
EVERSION - ......ANSWER........turning the sole of the foot lateral
Explain why skeletal muscle fibers appear striated - ......ANSWER........myofibrils contain 2
kinds of protein filaments -- thick ones composed of myosin and thin ones composed of
actin. the organization of these filaments produces the characteristics alternating light and
dark striations of skeletal muscle fiber.
EXTENSION - ......ANSWER........increases the angle of the joint and the 2 bones are further
apart
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Facilitated diffusion - ......ANSWER........a process ions use to move down their
concentration gradient across the plasma membrane
Fascia - ......ANSWER........sheets of connective tissue that separates an individual skeletal
muscle from adjacent muscles and holds it in place
Fats (triglycerides) - ......ANSWER........Used primarily for energy; most common lipid in the
body
Can supply more energy than carbohydrates
Contain C, H, and O but less O than carbohydrates (C57H110O6)
Building blocks are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids per molecule
Saturated and unsaturated
Filtration - ......ANSWER........passive transport mechanism in which smaller molecules are
forced through porous membranes from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower
pressure
Fissures - ......ANSWER........Two deep longitudinal grooves (anterior median fissure and
posterior median sulcus) divide the cord into right and left halves.
Flagella - ......ANSWER........long, thin, whip-like structures, with a core of microtubules,
that enable some cells to move
APHY 101 FINAL EXAM LATEST ALL 270 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS 2025/2026 (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
Define product - ......ANSWER........Substances formed at the end of the chemical reaction
Define reactant - ......ANSWER........The starting materials of the reaction - the atoms, ions,
or molecules
Define synthesis reaction - ......ANSWER........Two or more atoms or molecules are joined
together
Denaturation - ......ANSWER........the alteration of a protein shape through some form of
external stress (for example, by applying heat, acid or alkali), in such a way that it can no
longer carry out its cellular function.
Dense Connective Tissue - ......ANSWER........Densely packed collagenous fibers; very
strong but lacks a good blood supply; found as part of tendons and ligaments.
Depolarization - ......ANSWER........When the membrane potential becomes less negative,
the membrane is depolarized. If sufficiently strong depolarization occurs, a threshold
potential is achieved as ion channels open. At threshold, action potential is reached.
DEPRESSION - ......ANSWER........moving the part inferiorly like drooping the shoulders
(opening the mouth, lowering the jaw)
Descending tracts - ......ANSWER........conduct motor impulses from the brain to motor
neurons reaching muscles and glands; comprised of axons
Describe the process of ossification. - ......ANSWER........Chondrocytes enlarge and
calcify, blood vessels invade the perichondrium, the perichondrium is converted into a
,2 of 32
periosteum, and the inner layer produces bone, osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage
with spongy bone, osteoclasts create a narrow cavity.
Diaphysis - ......ANSWER........Shaft of a long bone
Diencephalon - ......ANSWER........Processes sensory input; The diencephalon lies above
the brain stem and contains the thalamus and hypothalamus.
Difference between neurons and neuroglia - ......ANSWER........Neurons are highly
specialized to conduct and transmit nerve impulses from one part of the body to another;
the basic functional units of nervous tissue
Neuroglia brace and protect neurons but are not capable of generating and transmitting
nerve impulses.
Difference between smooth ER and rough ER. - ......ANSWER........With ribosomes,
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is rough ER, and functions in protein synthesis. Without
ribosomes, it is smooth ER, and functions in lipid synthesis.
Difference between synergists and antagonists? - ......ANSWER........Helper muscles are
called synergists; opposing muscles are called antagonists
Diffusion - ......ANSWER........the movement of molecules from an area of greater
concentration to one of lesser concentration until equilibrium is reached
Distinguish among osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
- ......ANSWER........Osteocytes- mature bone cells
Osteoblasts- bone-forming cells
Osteoclasts- cell that erodes bone
,3 of 32
DORSIFLEXION - ......ANSWER........lifting the foot so the superior surfaces approach the
shin, like rocking on your heels
Electron - ......ANSWER........subatomic particle that has a negative charge
ELEVATION - ......ANSWER........lifting the body parts superiorly like shrugging your
shoulders (closing the mouth, raising the jaw)
Endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis) - ......ANSWER........active transport mechanism
in which molecules or particles are conveyed by a vesicle in the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum - ......ANSWER........the manufacturing plant; responsible for
synthesis of proteins and lipids for use inside and outside the cell
Epiphysis - ......ANSWER........Expanded ends of bones that form joints with adjacent
bones
EVERSION - ......ANSWER........turning the sole of the foot lateral
Explain why skeletal muscle fibers appear striated - ......ANSWER........myofibrils contain 2
kinds of protein filaments -- thick ones composed of myosin and thin ones composed of
actin. the organization of these filaments produces the characteristics alternating light and
dark striations of skeletal muscle fiber.
EXTENSION - ......ANSWER........increases the angle of the joint and the 2 bones are further
apart
, 4 of 32
Facilitated diffusion - ......ANSWER........a process ions use to move down their
concentration gradient across the plasma membrane
Fascia - ......ANSWER........sheets of connective tissue that separates an individual skeletal
muscle from adjacent muscles and holds it in place
Fats (triglycerides) - ......ANSWER........Used primarily for energy; most common lipid in the
body
Can supply more energy than carbohydrates
Contain C, H, and O but less O than carbohydrates (C57H110O6)
Building blocks are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids per molecule
Saturated and unsaturated
Filtration - ......ANSWER........passive transport mechanism in which smaller molecules are
forced through porous membranes from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower
pressure
Fissures - ......ANSWER........Two deep longitudinal grooves (anterior median fissure and
posterior median sulcus) divide the cord into right and left halves.
Flagella - ......ANSWER........long, thin, whip-like structures, with a core of microtubules,
that enable some cells to move
