HRPYC81
PROJECT 1 Assignment 8 2025
2 2025
Unique Number:
Due date: October 2025
FINAL RESEARCH REPORT
TIME PERSPECTIVE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH ANXIETY AND RISKY
BEHAVIOUR AMONG ADULTS IN SOUTH AFRICA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................4
1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................5
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ..........................................................................................6
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................6
2.2 Conceptualising Time Perspective ....................................................................6
2.2.1 Defining Time Perspective...........................................................................6
2.2.2 Theoretical Models ......................................................................................7
2.3 Time Perspective and Psychological Outcomes ................................................7
2.3.1 Time Perspective and Mental Health ...........................................................7
2.3.2 Mechanisms Linking Time Perspective to Mental Health ............................8
2.4 Time Perspective and Risky Behaviour .............................................................8
2.4.1 Empirical Relationships ...............................................................................8
DISCLAIMER & TERMS OF USE
Educational Aid: These study notes are intended to be used as educational resources and should not be seen as a
replacement for individual research, critical analysis, or professional consultation. Students are encouraged to perform
their own research and seek advice from their instructors or academic advisors for specific assignment guidelines.
Personal Responsibility: While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the information in
these study notes, the seller does not guarantee the completeness or correctness of all content. The buyer is
responsible for verifying the accuracy of the information and exercising their own judgment when applying it to their
assignments.
Academic Integrity: It is essential for students to maintain academic integrity and follow their institution's policies
regarding plagiarism, citation, and referencing. These study notes should be used as learning tools and sources of
inspiration. Any direct reproduction of the content without proper citation and acknowledgment may be considered
academic misconduct.
Limited Liability: The seller shall not be liable for any direct or indirect damages, losses, or consequences arising from
the use of these notes. This includes, but is not limited to, poor academic performance, penalties, or any other negative
consequences resulting from the application or misuse of the information provided.
, For additional support +27 81 278 3372
FINAL RESEARCH REPORT
TIME PERSPECTIVE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH ANXIETY AND RISKY
BEHAVIOUR AMONG ADULTS IN SOUTH AFRICA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ 4
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 5
2. LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 6
2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Conceptualising Time Perspective .................................................................... 6
2.2.1 Defining Time Perspective .......................................................................... 6
2.2.2 Theoretical Models ..................................................................................... 7
2.3 Time Perspective and Psychological Outcomes ............................................... 7
2.3.1 Time Perspective and Mental Health .......................................................... 7
2.3.2 Mechanisms Linking Time Perspective to Mental Health ............................ 8
2.4 Time Perspective and Risky Behaviour ............................................................ 8
2.4.1 Empirical Relationships .............................................................................. 8
2.4.2 Underlying Cognitive Processes ................................................................. 9
2.5 Consistency and Gaps in the Literature ............................................................ 9
2.6 The South African Context .............................................................................. 10
2.6.1 Cultural and Historical Factors .................................................................. 10
2.6.2 Relevance for Mental Health and Risk Prevention .................................... 10
2.7 Research Hypotheses ..................................................................................... 10
3. RESEARCH METHOD ......................................................................................... 11
4. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................. 11
5. PARTICIPANTS ................................................................................................... 12
6. PROCEDURE ...................................................................................................... 13
7. MEASUREMENTS ............................................................................................... 14
7.1.Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) ................................................. 14
7.2. Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) .............................................................. 14
7.3. Risky, Impulsive, and Self-Destructive Behaviour Questionnaire................... 15
8. DATA ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 15
9. RESULTS ............................................................................................................. 16
9.1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 16
9.2. Preliminary Analysis ....................................................................................... 16
, For additional support +27 81 278 3372
9.3. Main Analysis ................................................................................................. 17
9.3.1. Hypothesis 1 ............................................................................................ 17
9.3.2. Hypothesis 2 ............................................................................................ 18
9.4. Summary of Findings ..................................................................................... 18
10. DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................... 19
10.1. Support of Original Hypotheses ................................................................... 19
10.2. Similarity of Results with Previous Research ............................................... 19
10.3. Differences and Possible Explanations ........................................................ 20
10.4. Limitations .................................................................................................... 21
10.5. Contributions of the Study ............................................................................ 22
10.6. Implications for Future Research and Practice ............................................ 22
11. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................... 23
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 24
PROJECT 1 Assignment 8 2025
2 2025
Unique Number:
Due date: October 2025
FINAL RESEARCH REPORT
TIME PERSPECTIVE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH ANXIETY AND RISKY
BEHAVIOUR AMONG ADULTS IN SOUTH AFRICA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................4
1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................5
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ..........................................................................................6
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................6
2.2 Conceptualising Time Perspective ....................................................................6
2.2.1 Defining Time Perspective...........................................................................6
2.2.2 Theoretical Models ......................................................................................7
2.3 Time Perspective and Psychological Outcomes ................................................7
2.3.1 Time Perspective and Mental Health ...........................................................7
2.3.2 Mechanisms Linking Time Perspective to Mental Health ............................8
2.4 Time Perspective and Risky Behaviour .............................................................8
2.4.1 Empirical Relationships ...............................................................................8
DISCLAIMER & TERMS OF USE
Educational Aid: These study notes are intended to be used as educational resources and should not be seen as a
replacement for individual research, critical analysis, or professional consultation. Students are encouraged to perform
their own research and seek advice from their instructors or academic advisors for specific assignment guidelines.
Personal Responsibility: While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the information in
these study notes, the seller does not guarantee the completeness or correctness of all content. The buyer is
responsible for verifying the accuracy of the information and exercising their own judgment when applying it to their
assignments.
Academic Integrity: It is essential for students to maintain academic integrity and follow their institution's policies
regarding plagiarism, citation, and referencing. These study notes should be used as learning tools and sources of
inspiration. Any direct reproduction of the content without proper citation and acknowledgment may be considered
academic misconduct.
Limited Liability: The seller shall not be liable for any direct or indirect damages, losses, or consequences arising from
the use of these notes. This includes, but is not limited to, poor academic performance, penalties, or any other negative
consequences resulting from the application or misuse of the information provided.
, For additional support +27 81 278 3372
FINAL RESEARCH REPORT
TIME PERSPECTIVE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH ANXIETY AND RISKY
BEHAVIOUR AMONG ADULTS IN SOUTH AFRICA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ 4
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 5
2. LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 6
2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Conceptualising Time Perspective .................................................................... 6
2.2.1 Defining Time Perspective .......................................................................... 6
2.2.2 Theoretical Models ..................................................................................... 7
2.3 Time Perspective and Psychological Outcomes ............................................... 7
2.3.1 Time Perspective and Mental Health .......................................................... 7
2.3.2 Mechanisms Linking Time Perspective to Mental Health ............................ 8
2.4 Time Perspective and Risky Behaviour ............................................................ 8
2.4.1 Empirical Relationships .............................................................................. 8
2.4.2 Underlying Cognitive Processes ................................................................. 9
2.5 Consistency and Gaps in the Literature ............................................................ 9
2.6 The South African Context .............................................................................. 10
2.6.1 Cultural and Historical Factors .................................................................. 10
2.6.2 Relevance for Mental Health and Risk Prevention .................................... 10
2.7 Research Hypotheses ..................................................................................... 10
3. RESEARCH METHOD ......................................................................................... 11
4. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................. 11
5. PARTICIPANTS ................................................................................................... 12
6. PROCEDURE ...................................................................................................... 13
7. MEASUREMENTS ............................................................................................... 14
7.1.Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) ................................................. 14
7.2. Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) .............................................................. 14
7.3. Risky, Impulsive, and Self-Destructive Behaviour Questionnaire................... 15
8. DATA ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 15
9. RESULTS ............................................................................................................. 16
9.1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 16
9.2. Preliminary Analysis ....................................................................................... 16
, For additional support +27 81 278 3372
9.3. Main Analysis ................................................................................................. 17
9.3.1. Hypothesis 1 ............................................................................................ 17
9.3.2. Hypothesis 2 ............................................................................................ 18
9.4. Summary of Findings ..................................................................................... 18
10. DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................... 19
10.1. Support of Original Hypotheses ................................................................... 19
10.2. Similarity of Results with Previous Research ............................................... 19
10.3. Differences and Possible Explanations ........................................................ 20
10.4. Limitations .................................................................................................... 21
10.5. Contributions of the Study ............................................................................ 22
10.6. Implications for Future Research and Practice ............................................ 22
11. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................... 23
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 24
