■ Structure & Function Anatomy – Summary Sheet
Levels of Structural Organization
Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism
Major Tissue Types
Epithelial: protection, absorption, secretion, filtration
Connective: support, binding, transport, storage
Muscle: movement (skeletal, cardiac, smooth)
Nervous: communication, coordination
Integumentary System
Layers: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
Functions: protection, thermoregulation, sensation, vitamin D
Skeletal System
Functions: support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell production
Divisions: axial, appendicular
Bone types: long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
Joints: fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
Muscular System
Functions: movement, posture, heat production
Sarcomere: actin + myosin
Contraction: isotonic (movement), isometric (tension only)
Nervous System
CNS (brain, spinal cord), PNS (nerves)
Divisions: somatic, autonomic (sympathetic, parasympathetic)
Functions: sense, process, respond
Cardiovascular System
Heart + vessels + blood
Functions: transport, regulation, protection
Circuits: pulmonary, systemic
Respiratory System
Pathway: nose → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → lungs → alveoli
Functions: gas exchange, pH balance, voice
Breathing: diaphragm contracts/relaxes
Digestive System
Organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas
Functions: ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
Urinary System
Organs: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
Functions: filter blood, excrete waste, regulate fluids & pH, BP control
Endocrine System
Levels of Structural Organization
Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism
Major Tissue Types
Epithelial: protection, absorption, secretion, filtration
Connective: support, binding, transport, storage
Muscle: movement (skeletal, cardiac, smooth)
Nervous: communication, coordination
Integumentary System
Layers: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
Functions: protection, thermoregulation, sensation, vitamin D
Skeletal System
Functions: support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell production
Divisions: axial, appendicular
Bone types: long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
Joints: fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
Muscular System
Functions: movement, posture, heat production
Sarcomere: actin + myosin
Contraction: isotonic (movement), isometric (tension only)
Nervous System
CNS (brain, spinal cord), PNS (nerves)
Divisions: somatic, autonomic (sympathetic, parasympathetic)
Functions: sense, process, respond
Cardiovascular System
Heart + vessels + blood
Functions: transport, regulation, protection
Circuits: pulmonary, systemic
Respiratory System
Pathway: nose → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → lungs → alveoli
Functions: gas exchange, pH balance, voice
Breathing: diaphragm contracts/relaxes
Digestive System
Organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas
Functions: ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
Urinary System
Organs: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
Functions: filter blood, excrete waste, regulate fluids & pH, BP control
Endocrine System
