MH 701 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
What is the DSM5 - Answer -Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Definitions of disorders based on clinical features.
Diagnostic criteria is a list of clinical features That need to be present for diagnosis.
Increases reliability for diagnostic process.
Pharmacokinetics - Answer -What the body does to a drug.(metabolism) Goal is to
make is more water soluble so it can be excreted.
Pharmacodynamics - Answer -The study of what the drug does to the body. Interaction
between the drug and the receptor.
Pharmacogenetics - Answer -Differences in how individuals metabolize drugs. (Ultra
rapid metabolizers or extensive metabolizers of slow metabolizers)
Toxicity - Answer -the degree to which a substance is biologically harmful. When a
person has accumulated too much in the blood stream.
Steady state - Answer -The time which the concentration of the drug in the body stays
consistent. (usually 4-5 half lives if the drug is given consistently)
Half-Life - Answer -Safe dosage interval. The amount of time it takes a drug to be
reduced in the blood by 50%.
What are the general classes of psychotropic medications? - Answer -Antidepressants,
antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, hypnotics, anxiolytics, cognitive enhancer and
stimulants.
What is meant by a drug causing an agonist type of reaction at the receptor site? -
Answer -A drug or medication that binds to a specific receptor producing an effect
identical to that usually produced by the neurotransmitter affecting that receptor. (Drugs
are often designed as receptor agonists to treat a variety of diseases in which the
original neurotransmitter is missing or diminished.)
What is meant by a drug causing an antagonist type of reaction at the receptor site? -
Answer -A compound that binds to a receptor that blocks or reduces the action of
another substance at the receptor site involved.
Competitive antagonists: - Answer -Compete with an agonist for a receptor. EX, drugs
for schizophrenia block dopamine 2 receptors, naltrexone and naloxone are opioid
antagonists.
What is meant by a drug causing a partial agonist type of action at a receptor site? -
Answer -A compound that possess affinity for a receptor, but elicits a partial
,pharmacological response at the receptor involved. Partial agonists are often structural
analogs of agonist molecules. If neurotransmitters a low, partial agonists may behave
as agonists.
What is meant by a drug causing an inverse agonist type of action at the receptor site? -
Answer -An inverse agonist is an agent that binds to the same receptors as an agonist
for that receptor but produces the opposite pharmacological effect.
What is the significance of understanding about CYP 450 when prescribing various
medications that may affect this? - Answer -CYP 450 is an enzyme that helps break
down drugs. There are some drugs that are either inhibitors or inducers of the CYP 450
enzyme.
The inhibitors inhibit the enzyme from working, therefore decreasing drug metabolism
and can cause toxicity.
The inducers speed up the CYP 450 enzyme , therefore increases the drug metabolism
and causes a sub-therapeutic affect.
What medications are most affected to the CYP 450 enzyme? - Answer -Mnemonic for
inducers: CRAP GPS induces my rage:
C: carbamazepine
R: Rifampin
A: Alcohol
P: Phenytoin
G:Grisofulvin
P: Phenobarbital
S: Sulfonylureas
Inhibitors:
Valproate
Ketoconazole
Sulfonamides
Chloramphenicol
Amiodarone
Erythromycin
Quinidine
Grapefruit juice
Ultrametabolizers - Answer -May need higher doses to have therapeutic affect.
Poor metabolizers - Answer -are at risk of toxicity & adverse drug event.
What are the 4 tracts of the basal ganglia that can affect psychiatric or neurological
disorders? - Answer -Corpus-striatum:
Globus pallidus:
Substania nigra:
Subthalamic nucleus
, What is the function of the limbic system related to psychiatric disorders. - Answer -
Responsible for emotional expression & motivation, learning & memory (excessive
reactions to situations or reduced emotional response = damage to this area).
How would your know if someone's frontal lobe was damaged? - Answer -Possibility for
people who display disinhibition.(poos impulse control and inappropriate behavior),
disorganized behavior (memory deficits and poor planning) and are apathetic
(unmotivated). Would show gray matter loss.
Monoamine neurotransmitters common in psychiatric disorders: - Answer -Serotonin,
norepinephrine and dopamine.
Serotonin: MOA, Sx of deficiency, Sx of excess, drugs - Answer -MOA: regulates
mood, sleep, appetite, sex, pain and instincts.
Symptoms of insufficiency: Depression, anxiety, pain sensitivity, carb craving, difficulty
concentrating, poor sleep, constipation.
Symptoms of excess: Shivering, diarrhea, muscle rigidity, fever, seizures, irregular HB.
Depression, apathy, passivity, insomnia, difficulty concentrating, learning, poor memory,
decision making difficulty, sexual dysfunction.
Drugs increase serotonin: SSRI's. sertraline, paroxetine, escitalopram, citalopram,
fluoxetine.
SNRI's increase serotonin: venlafaxine, duloxetine, desvenlafaxine, milnacipran,
levomilnacipran.
Dopamine: MOA:Sx insufficiency, SX of excess, drugs. - Answer -MOA: movement,
memory, pleasure/reward, behavior/cognition, attention, inhibition of prolactin
production, sleep, mood, learning.
Sx insufficiency: pain, Parkinson's, restless leg syndrome, ADHD, age related changes
in cognitive flexibility,
neurological sx (decreased arm swing, rigidity), Mood (lack of motivation, fatigue
apathy, procrastination, low libido, sleep problems, mood wings, hopelessness, memory
loss, inability to concentrate).
Sx excess: unnecessary movements, tics, psychosis, hypersexuality, nausea. Most
antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists which makes them very effective nausea
meds).
Meds: antipsychotics & parkinsons. levodopa-carbidopa is converted to dopamine.
Agonist: Parkinson's, RLS, negative sx. Mirapex, Requip,
Antagonists: positive symptoms. Haldol, Zyprexa, Reglan, risperidone.
Antipsychotics reduce dopamine in the brain.
Norepinephrine: MOA: sx insufficiency; Sx excess, meds - Answer -Affects arousal,
attention, anxiety, autonomic nervous system.
Meds: Used in treatment of ADHD, anxiety, cardiac failure
GABA: MOA, sx insufficiency, meds. - Answer -MOA: functions a inhibitory
neurotransmitter,
What is the DSM5 - Answer -Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Definitions of disorders based on clinical features.
Diagnostic criteria is a list of clinical features That need to be present for diagnosis.
Increases reliability for diagnostic process.
Pharmacokinetics - Answer -What the body does to a drug.(metabolism) Goal is to
make is more water soluble so it can be excreted.
Pharmacodynamics - Answer -The study of what the drug does to the body. Interaction
between the drug and the receptor.
Pharmacogenetics - Answer -Differences in how individuals metabolize drugs. (Ultra
rapid metabolizers or extensive metabolizers of slow metabolizers)
Toxicity - Answer -the degree to which a substance is biologically harmful. When a
person has accumulated too much in the blood stream.
Steady state - Answer -The time which the concentration of the drug in the body stays
consistent. (usually 4-5 half lives if the drug is given consistently)
Half-Life - Answer -Safe dosage interval. The amount of time it takes a drug to be
reduced in the blood by 50%.
What are the general classes of psychotropic medications? - Answer -Antidepressants,
antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, hypnotics, anxiolytics, cognitive enhancer and
stimulants.
What is meant by a drug causing an agonist type of reaction at the receptor site? -
Answer -A drug or medication that binds to a specific receptor producing an effect
identical to that usually produced by the neurotransmitter affecting that receptor. (Drugs
are often designed as receptor agonists to treat a variety of diseases in which the
original neurotransmitter is missing or diminished.)
What is meant by a drug causing an antagonist type of reaction at the receptor site? -
Answer -A compound that binds to a receptor that blocks or reduces the action of
another substance at the receptor site involved.
Competitive antagonists: - Answer -Compete with an agonist for a receptor. EX, drugs
for schizophrenia block dopamine 2 receptors, naltrexone and naloxone are opioid
antagonists.
What is meant by a drug causing a partial agonist type of action at a receptor site? -
Answer -A compound that possess affinity for a receptor, but elicits a partial
,pharmacological response at the receptor involved. Partial agonists are often structural
analogs of agonist molecules. If neurotransmitters a low, partial agonists may behave
as agonists.
What is meant by a drug causing an inverse agonist type of action at the receptor site? -
Answer -An inverse agonist is an agent that binds to the same receptors as an agonist
for that receptor but produces the opposite pharmacological effect.
What is the significance of understanding about CYP 450 when prescribing various
medications that may affect this? - Answer -CYP 450 is an enzyme that helps break
down drugs. There are some drugs that are either inhibitors or inducers of the CYP 450
enzyme.
The inhibitors inhibit the enzyme from working, therefore decreasing drug metabolism
and can cause toxicity.
The inducers speed up the CYP 450 enzyme , therefore increases the drug metabolism
and causes a sub-therapeutic affect.
What medications are most affected to the CYP 450 enzyme? - Answer -Mnemonic for
inducers: CRAP GPS induces my rage:
C: carbamazepine
R: Rifampin
A: Alcohol
P: Phenytoin
G:Grisofulvin
P: Phenobarbital
S: Sulfonylureas
Inhibitors:
Valproate
Ketoconazole
Sulfonamides
Chloramphenicol
Amiodarone
Erythromycin
Quinidine
Grapefruit juice
Ultrametabolizers - Answer -May need higher doses to have therapeutic affect.
Poor metabolizers - Answer -are at risk of toxicity & adverse drug event.
What are the 4 tracts of the basal ganglia that can affect psychiatric or neurological
disorders? - Answer -Corpus-striatum:
Globus pallidus:
Substania nigra:
Subthalamic nucleus
, What is the function of the limbic system related to psychiatric disorders. - Answer -
Responsible for emotional expression & motivation, learning & memory (excessive
reactions to situations or reduced emotional response = damage to this area).
How would your know if someone's frontal lobe was damaged? - Answer -Possibility for
people who display disinhibition.(poos impulse control and inappropriate behavior),
disorganized behavior (memory deficits and poor planning) and are apathetic
(unmotivated). Would show gray matter loss.
Monoamine neurotransmitters common in psychiatric disorders: - Answer -Serotonin,
norepinephrine and dopamine.
Serotonin: MOA, Sx of deficiency, Sx of excess, drugs - Answer -MOA: regulates
mood, sleep, appetite, sex, pain and instincts.
Symptoms of insufficiency: Depression, anxiety, pain sensitivity, carb craving, difficulty
concentrating, poor sleep, constipation.
Symptoms of excess: Shivering, diarrhea, muscle rigidity, fever, seizures, irregular HB.
Depression, apathy, passivity, insomnia, difficulty concentrating, learning, poor memory,
decision making difficulty, sexual dysfunction.
Drugs increase serotonin: SSRI's. sertraline, paroxetine, escitalopram, citalopram,
fluoxetine.
SNRI's increase serotonin: venlafaxine, duloxetine, desvenlafaxine, milnacipran,
levomilnacipran.
Dopamine: MOA:Sx insufficiency, SX of excess, drugs. - Answer -MOA: movement,
memory, pleasure/reward, behavior/cognition, attention, inhibition of prolactin
production, sleep, mood, learning.
Sx insufficiency: pain, Parkinson's, restless leg syndrome, ADHD, age related changes
in cognitive flexibility,
neurological sx (decreased arm swing, rigidity), Mood (lack of motivation, fatigue
apathy, procrastination, low libido, sleep problems, mood wings, hopelessness, memory
loss, inability to concentrate).
Sx excess: unnecessary movements, tics, psychosis, hypersexuality, nausea. Most
antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists which makes them very effective nausea
meds).
Meds: antipsychotics & parkinsons. levodopa-carbidopa is converted to dopamine.
Agonist: Parkinson's, RLS, negative sx. Mirapex, Requip,
Antagonists: positive symptoms. Haldol, Zyprexa, Reglan, risperidone.
Antipsychotics reduce dopamine in the brain.
Norepinephrine: MOA: sx insufficiency; Sx excess, meds - Answer -Affects arousal,
attention, anxiety, autonomic nervous system.
Meds: Used in treatment of ADHD, anxiety, cardiac failure
GABA: MOA, sx insufficiency, meds. - Answer -MOA: functions a inhibitory
neurotransmitter,
