Rulers’ impact on society
Govt Alex 2: 1855 - 81 Alex 3: 1881 - 94 Nick 2: 1894 - 1917 PG Lenin: 1917 - 24 Stalin: 1924 - 53 Khrushchev: 1953 -
64
Educa Attendance and Central government First duma Lunacharsky, Fees of primary Doubled number of
tion achievement were could appoint new announces plan for Minister of school education schools in towns and
both poor, as was the teachers, set the “universal primary Education, abolished cities
literacy rate. 7% of length of the school education” controlled all
army recruits were day and year, and educational By 1928, about 60% Scrapping of school
literate. could perform quality WW1 put a stop to it establishments of Soviet children of fees
checks using the new primary school primary school age
The number of school inspectorate. Religious teaching were in school. Rewriting of history
students in secondary Attendance numbers banned 10% more than books to reflect
schools doubled from University autonomy grew by 2,000 before the disengagement from
1855 to 1865. was weakened. Under the conditions revolution. stalinist past
Elections to Secondary school of the Civil War,
Some authority over university councils remained an elite there was insufficient 1929: 8mil in primary Quality of teaching
primary schools were scrapped and concept resources to invest 1930: 18 mil after improved
taken from the replaced by into the education made compulsory
Zemstva in 1870 by appointment system. system. Education from 7-15
Tolstoy. By 1877, the A more rigorous Extra subjects such as compulsory
ministry had nearly inspection process Free compulsory religion were seen as
full control over the was implemented. education not revolutionary and
abilities of the actually achieved. gotten rid of in a
Zemstva. Central Universities 1931 Decree issuing a
government could continued to grow, Schools did not have new curriculum
appoint new by the end of the resources to provide
teachers, set the 19th century there free meals or medical “War on literacy”
length of the school were nine check-ups aimed to improve
day and year, and universities with literacy levels. Over
, could perform quality 16,500 students. 94% literate by 1939
checks using the new
school inspectorate. 1931: 2.5mil in
secondary schools
1932: 6.9 mil in
secondary schools
Emphasis on
vocational education
Housin By the late 1800s, Rural housing was Increasing Land distribution to no change Urban housing - Urban housing:
g 15% of the cheap and simple to urbanisation but poor the peasants was not Overcrowding rose housing programme:
population lived in build. Once erected, infrastructure: granted by the Decree on Land gave and became the housing stock
peasants could 1000 towns but only Provisional peasants ownership norm under Stalin’s doubled and
towns and cities,
control how 74 have access to Government, who did of land rule. principles behind
compared to 80% in accommodation was electricity not have the political In the mid-1930s in communal living
GB and 40% in the used. 38 with sewage stability to No land captains Moscow, 25% lived in were abandoned
USA. 200 with piped water implement the one room shared Ended WW2 housing
Izbas remained reform, and peasants between different shortage
Standard housing Cholera kills 100k in were forced to seize households. Another Due to the institution
consisted of a single- 1910 in St Petersburg land themselves in 25% lived in of basic housing rent,
this period. communal rent only made up
room wooden hut
Izbas remain 237 land seizures dormitories and 5% about 5% of a
(izba) heated by an lived in family's monthly
oven which also 200% inflation by corridors/hallways. budget, although in
served as a sleeping 1916 meant prices Moscow, the average
platform. The huts were rising faster Living space fell from family only spent 3%
were crowded as than wages and many 8.5 m^2 in 1905 to of their budget on
animals were also workers couldn't 5.8 m^2 by 1935. rent
, housed in them. afford basic goods.
WW2 resulted in over Poor quality
25 million being 25 year lifespan
made homeless Structural defects
Lack of amenities
Rural housing - Some
peasants could move Rural housing:
out of their Izbas as self contained agro-
special housing towns constructed
blocks were built by poor standard rural
collective farms. living which became
overcrowded and
were subject to the
same public health
problems that were
in towns
Food Zemstva put in Adverse weather Food shortages Death of 5m due to Famine of 1932-34 Pattern of poor
and charge of drawing conditions in 1891 8hr bread queues famine Deaths between 5.7- harvests and food
Famin emergency measures led to food shortages. 8.7m shortages
e Provincial Peasants would Civil War
to deal with famines
governments hoard grain to feed Grain requisitioning Death penalty was Virgin land campaign
and food shortages. appeared to cope their animals and in the Civil War enforced on those and improvements to
well but famine much of their meant peasants were who stole grain state pricing
resulted in 350,000 produce was used to stripped of their mechanism failed to
deaths. feed the military. surpluses and led to a Peasants who ate improve production
famine in 1921 that their own corn seed
It was made worse by killed 5 million were shot along with 1963 poor harvest
outbreaks of cholera people those sent to guard it meant the USSR had
and typhus. to rely on grain
Vyshnergradsky Loss of agricultural Discussion of the imports to avoid
, (finance minister) land in Brest-Litovsk grain crisis was widespread food
had to raise taxes on ⅓ lost banned shortages.
consumer goods
which meant people Angry peasants VLS saw grain
paid for everyday slaughtered their harvests and meat
items. animals instead of and milk production
giving them to the rise significantly
Peasants had to sell government between 1953-1958.
grain surpluses to Overall agricultural
cope with inflated Horse shortage due production rose 53%
prices. Government to slaughtering; made during the 5 year
blamed for harshness ploughing fields period.
of famine. increasingly difficult
He increased the
Special Committee of Cattle froze to death price of the quota of
Famine Relief set up. goods which the
Diet of workers government buys off
worsened under the peasants. These
communists changes positively
impacted living
By late 1930s conditions as it
consumption of meat ensured peasants
and fish had fallen by had a stable income
80% and that their
demand for food was
a lot of food met.
produced was sold
abroad to fund 5YP
rather than given to
peasants
his immunisation
Govt Alex 2: 1855 - 81 Alex 3: 1881 - 94 Nick 2: 1894 - 1917 PG Lenin: 1917 - 24 Stalin: 1924 - 53 Khrushchev: 1953 -
64
Educa Attendance and Central government First duma Lunacharsky, Fees of primary Doubled number of
tion achievement were could appoint new announces plan for Minister of school education schools in towns and
both poor, as was the teachers, set the “universal primary Education, abolished cities
literacy rate. 7% of length of the school education” controlled all
army recruits were day and year, and educational By 1928, about 60% Scrapping of school
literate. could perform quality WW1 put a stop to it establishments of Soviet children of fees
checks using the new primary school primary school age
The number of school inspectorate. Religious teaching were in school. Rewriting of history
students in secondary Attendance numbers banned 10% more than books to reflect
schools doubled from University autonomy grew by 2,000 before the disengagement from
1855 to 1865. was weakened. Under the conditions revolution. stalinist past
Elections to Secondary school of the Civil War,
Some authority over university councils remained an elite there was insufficient 1929: 8mil in primary Quality of teaching
primary schools were scrapped and concept resources to invest 1930: 18 mil after improved
taken from the replaced by into the education made compulsory
Zemstva in 1870 by appointment system. system. Education from 7-15
Tolstoy. By 1877, the A more rigorous Extra subjects such as compulsory
ministry had nearly inspection process Free compulsory religion were seen as
full control over the was implemented. education not revolutionary and
abilities of the actually achieved. gotten rid of in a
Zemstva. Central Universities 1931 Decree issuing a
government could continued to grow, Schools did not have new curriculum
appoint new by the end of the resources to provide
teachers, set the 19th century there free meals or medical “War on literacy”
length of the school were nine check-ups aimed to improve
day and year, and universities with literacy levels. Over
, could perform quality 16,500 students. 94% literate by 1939
checks using the new
school inspectorate. 1931: 2.5mil in
secondary schools
1932: 6.9 mil in
secondary schools
Emphasis on
vocational education
Housin By the late 1800s, Rural housing was Increasing Land distribution to no change Urban housing - Urban housing:
g 15% of the cheap and simple to urbanisation but poor the peasants was not Overcrowding rose housing programme:
population lived in build. Once erected, infrastructure: granted by the Decree on Land gave and became the housing stock
peasants could 1000 towns but only Provisional peasants ownership norm under Stalin’s doubled and
towns and cities,
control how 74 have access to Government, who did of land rule. principles behind
compared to 80% in accommodation was electricity not have the political In the mid-1930s in communal living
GB and 40% in the used. 38 with sewage stability to No land captains Moscow, 25% lived in were abandoned
USA. 200 with piped water implement the one room shared Ended WW2 housing
Izbas remained reform, and peasants between different shortage
Standard housing Cholera kills 100k in were forced to seize households. Another Due to the institution
consisted of a single- 1910 in St Petersburg land themselves in 25% lived in of basic housing rent,
this period. communal rent only made up
room wooden hut
Izbas remain 237 land seizures dormitories and 5% about 5% of a
(izba) heated by an lived in family's monthly
oven which also 200% inflation by corridors/hallways. budget, although in
served as a sleeping 1916 meant prices Moscow, the average
platform. The huts were rising faster Living space fell from family only spent 3%
were crowded as than wages and many 8.5 m^2 in 1905 to of their budget on
animals were also workers couldn't 5.8 m^2 by 1935. rent
, housed in them. afford basic goods.
WW2 resulted in over Poor quality
25 million being 25 year lifespan
made homeless Structural defects
Lack of amenities
Rural housing - Some
peasants could move Rural housing:
out of their Izbas as self contained agro-
special housing towns constructed
blocks were built by poor standard rural
collective farms. living which became
overcrowded and
were subject to the
same public health
problems that were
in towns
Food Zemstva put in Adverse weather Food shortages Death of 5m due to Famine of 1932-34 Pattern of poor
and charge of drawing conditions in 1891 8hr bread queues famine Deaths between 5.7- harvests and food
Famin emergency measures led to food shortages. 8.7m shortages
e Provincial Peasants would Civil War
to deal with famines
governments hoard grain to feed Grain requisitioning Death penalty was Virgin land campaign
and food shortages. appeared to cope their animals and in the Civil War enforced on those and improvements to
well but famine much of their meant peasants were who stole grain state pricing
resulted in 350,000 produce was used to stripped of their mechanism failed to
deaths. feed the military. surpluses and led to a Peasants who ate improve production
famine in 1921 that their own corn seed
It was made worse by killed 5 million were shot along with 1963 poor harvest
outbreaks of cholera people those sent to guard it meant the USSR had
and typhus. to rely on grain
Vyshnergradsky Loss of agricultural Discussion of the imports to avoid
, (finance minister) land in Brest-Litovsk grain crisis was widespread food
had to raise taxes on ⅓ lost banned shortages.
consumer goods
which meant people Angry peasants VLS saw grain
paid for everyday slaughtered their harvests and meat
items. animals instead of and milk production
giving them to the rise significantly
Peasants had to sell government between 1953-1958.
grain surpluses to Overall agricultural
cope with inflated Horse shortage due production rose 53%
prices. Government to slaughtering; made during the 5 year
blamed for harshness ploughing fields period.
of famine. increasingly difficult
He increased the
Special Committee of Cattle froze to death price of the quota of
Famine Relief set up. goods which the
Diet of workers government buys off
worsened under the peasants. These
communists changes positively
impacted living
By late 1930s conditions as it
consumption of meat ensured peasants
and fish had fallen by had a stable income
80% and that their
demand for food was
a lot of food met.
produced was sold
abroad to fund 5YP
rather than given to
peasants
his immunisation
