MARYVILLE PATHO 611 EXAM 1:
WUNDERLICH Exam 2026 Questions
and Answers
Describe the characteristics of apoptosis. - Correct answer-A programmed cell
death that is regulated or programmed.
Necrosis: characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle
swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction. Hypoxia is the #1 major cause of cellular
injury leading to necrosis especially to the kidneys and heart. (Myocardial
infarction)
Page 52: What's new: Current research supports that after muscle heart injury that
stem cells exist in the heart and differentiate into various cardiac cell lineages and
is profoundly changing the understanding of myocardial biology!!
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,Cellular adaptation: Atrophy - Correct answer-Physiologic: thymus gland atrophy
(childhood)
Cellular adaptation: Hypertrophy - Correct answer-Increase in size of cell
Another cellular adaptation that can actually be beneficial is hypertrophy of
myocardial cells such as an endurance training-this is referred to as physiologic
hypertrophy. Versus pathologic hypertrophy that occurs secondary to HTN.
Cellular adaptation: Hyperplasia - Correct answer-Increase in number of cells
Compensatory: removal of 70% off liver-can regenerate in about 2 weeks.
Pathologic: endometrial hyperplasia
Cellular adaptation: Metaplasia - Correct answer-Replacement of cells
Normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced
by stratified squamous epithelial cells. Can be reversed if irritant is stopped.
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, Cellular metabolism: During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) level have on cells? - Correct answer-ATP = energy BUT needs
oxygen - aerobic metabolism
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-phosphate (Na+,
K+) pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular
accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of the cell.
(The Na+, K+ pump is discussed in chapter one). Sodium and water then can enter
the cell freely, and cellular swelling results.
Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis) - Correct answer-Results when oxygen reserves
are depleted.
Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases?
- Correct answer-A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms
having an unpaired electron. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule
unstable; thus to stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one.
Therefore, it is capable of injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates—key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
WUNDERLICH Exam 2026 Questions
and Answers
Describe the characteristics of apoptosis. - Correct answer-A programmed cell
death that is regulated or programmed.
Necrosis: characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle
swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction. Hypoxia is the #1 major cause of cellular
injury leading to necrosis especially to the kidneys and heart. (Myocardial
infarction)
Page 52: What's new: Current research supports that after muscle heart injury that
stem cells exist in the heart and differentiate into various cardiac cell lineages and
is profoundly changing the understanding of myocardial biology!!
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,Cellular adaptation: Atrophy - Correct answer-Physiologic: thymus gland atrophy
(childhood)
Cellular adaptation: Hypertrophy - Correct answer-Increase in size of cell
Another cellular adaptation that can actually be beneficial is hypertrophy of
myocardial cells such as an endurance training-this is referred to as physiologic
hypertrophy. Versus pathologic hypertrophy that occurs secondary to HTN.
Cellular adaptation: Hyperplasia - Correct answer-Increase in number of cells
Compensatory: removal of 70% off liver-can regenerate in about 2 weeks.
Pathologic: endometrial hyperplasia
Cellular adaptation: Metaplasia - Correct answer-Replacement of cells
Normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced
by stratified squamous epithelial cells. Can be reversed if irritant is stopped.
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
, Cellular metabolism: During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) level have on cells? - Correct answer-ATP = energy BUT needs
oxygen - aerobic metabolism
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-phosphate (Na+,
K+) pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular
accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of the cell.
(The Na+, K+ pump is discussed in chapter one). Sodium and water then can enter
the cell freely, and cellular swelling results.
Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis) - Correct answer-Results when oxygen reserves
are depleted.
Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases?
- Correct answer-A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms
having an unpaired electron. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule
unstable; thus to stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one.
Therefore, it is capable of injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates—key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
