Maryville NURS 611 patho exam 1 2026
Questions and Answers
Apoptosis - Correct answer-A programmed cell death that is regulated or
programmed. Cellular self-destruction for elimination or unwanted cell populations
Necrosis - Correct answer-Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle
swelling, mitochondria dysfunction
What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis (especially the kidney
and heart) - Correct answer-hypoxia
What is the #1 cause of hypoxia? - Correct answer-ischemia
Main component of a cell - Correct answer-nucleus
What does the nucleus contain? - Correct answer-nucleolus
What is the nucleolus composed of? - Correct answer-RNA, most of cellular DNA,
DNA binding proteins, and histones
Why are histone important? - Correct answer-histones bind to DNA and fold it into
chromosomes (chromatin) which is essential for cell division
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,What are ribosomes? - Correct answer-RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins)
that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores
in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
Where can ribosomes be found? - Correct answer-cytoplasm and rough ER
what are ribosomes chief function? - Correct answer-provides sits for cellular
protein synthesis
What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)? - Correct answer-a network of flatten,
smooth membranes and vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell
What does the Golgi apparatus do? - Correct answer-takes proteins from the ER
and processes/packages them into small membrane-bound vesicles called
"secretory vesicles, and refines and directs traffic in the cell
What are lysosomes and what do they do? - Correct answer-maintain cellular
health by removal of toxic cellular components, removal of useless organelles,
termination of signal transduction, and signals cellular adaption
How does aging affect lysosomes? - Correct answer-leads to progressive loss of
lysosomal efficiency which declines the regenerative capacity of organs and tissue
What functions do lysosomal components integrate? - Correct answer-nutrient
abundance, energy levels, and cell stressors and will translate them into
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, instructions that regulate cellular metabolism toward either proliferation or
inactivity
What is mitochondria responsible for? - Correct answer-cellular respiration,
cellular metabolism , and energy production
What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain? - Correct answer-
enzymes of the respiratory chain and are essential to the process of oxidative
phosphorylation that generates most of the cell's ATP
The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1), involve what two
things (2), and metabolizes what three things (3)? - Correct answer-1- metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form metabolic
dearangements? - Correct answer-carbs, proteins, and lipids
What is physiologic atrophy? - Correct answer-occurs in early development. ex:
thymus glad during childhood
What is pathologic atrophy? - Correct answer-occurs as a result of decreases in
workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation.
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Questions and Answers
Apoptosis - Correct answer-A programmed cell death that is regulated or
programmed. Cellular self-destruction for elimination or unwanted cell populations
Necrosis - Correct answer-Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle
swelling, mitochondria dysfunction
What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis (especially the kidney
and heart) - Correct answer-hypoxia
What is the #1 cause of hypoxia? - Correct answer-ischemia
Main component of a cell - Correct answer-nucleus
What does the nucleus contain? - Correct answer-nucleolus
What is the nucleolus composed of? - Correct answer-RNA, most of cellular DNA,
DNA binding proteins, and histones
Why are histone important? - Correct answer-histones bind to DNA and fold it into
chromosomes (chromatin) which is essential for cell division
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,What are ribosomes? - Correct answer-RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins)
that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores
in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
Where can ribosomes be found? - Correct answer-cytoplasm and rough ER
what are ribosomes chief function? - Correct answer-provides sits for cellular
protein synthesis
What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)? - Correct answer-a network of flatten,
smooth membranes and vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell
What does the Golgi apparatus do? - Correct answer-takes proteins from the ER
and processes/packages them into small membrane-bound vesicles called
"secretory vesicles, and refines and directs traffic in the cell
What are lysosomes and what do they do? - Correct answer-maintain cellular
health by removal of toxic cellular components, removal of useless organelles,
termination of signal transduction, and signals cellular adaption
How does aging affect lysosomes? - Correct answer-leads to progressive loss of
lysosomal efficiency which declines the regenerative capacity of organs and tissue
What functions do lysosomal components integrate? - Correct answer-nutrient
abundance, energy levels, and cell stressors and will translate them into
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
, instructions that regulate cellular metabolism toward either proliferation or
inactivity
What is mitochondria responsible for? - Correct answer-cellular respiration,
cellular metabolism , and energy production
What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain? - Correct answer-
enzymes of the respiratory chain and are essential to the process of oxidative
phosphorylation that generates most of the cell's ATP
The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1), involve what two
things (2), and metabolizes what three things (3)? - Correct answer-1- metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form metabolic
dearangements? - Correct answer-carbs, proteins, and lipids
What is physiologic atrophy? - Correct answer-occurs in early development. ex:
thymus glad during childhood
What is pathologic atrophy? - Correct answer-occurs as a result of decreases in
workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation.
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
