2 practicals Punt
• HH simulation, visit lab van prof Online journal clubs • 1/3 journal club
(prof van japan) • 2/3 examen: MC en open
• details zie BB
• Paper lezen voor die lessen en dan opdrachten in groep
Hij zet stukjes van HB die goed zijn online
LECTURE 1
‘Introduction and Basic Concepts’
The nervous system
Highly complex
• cellular heterogeneity
• diverse functions (cognitive, motor etc.)
Ability to learn and the site of many diseases
Can be studied at different microscopic and macroscopic levels
Cellen zijn plastisch → retain knowledge
Spatial and temporal scales of measurements
Verschillende manieren om het brein te bestuderen. Vaak snelheid vs spatial resolution
Electrophysiology → kijken naar neuronen en synaps level
Cellular and molecular neuroscience
Study of the nervous system at the level of individual cells → Neurons and other
cells
How do they generate electrical signals and how do they communicate with each
other?
Interaction of large assemblies of neurons provide functionality to the nervous
system (‘Systems Neuroscience’ in Ma1 Sem2)
communication site between neuron and next
neuron
Neurons generate action potentials and
communicate through synapses
,1. Cell types in the nervous system
Types of Neuron → (1011 in the brain)
Structure provides function
Classification of the cells (neurons)
• Many dendrites → functionally
• All the same → they have an axon
Glia cells → 10-5011 in the brain
Not only structural but also nutrients, …
Most likely to be coloured with silver nitrate stain → visual different neurons
2. Electrical signaling in the nervous system
Neuronal membrane = Barrier separating intra- and extra-cellular Lipid bilayer containing phospholipids
PC phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)
PS phosphatidylserine
PE phosphatidylethanolamine
SM sphingomyelin
Lipid billayer membraan -> seperates inside and outside = barierre
,Er kan maar weinig door Bilayer heeft ook prot to selct transport from certain compounds = oa communicattion, regulatie
excitability
Imbalans in conc van de ionen in lichaam (normaal)= kost veel energie
The action potential
The action potential is an electrical potential, ie a voltage, that is initiated close to the cell body of a neuron and
propagates through the processes of that neuron. Fundamental code of the nervous system
Neuron → genereren van AP (HH) (resultaat van verschil in ionconc)
Resting membrane potential
All neurons have a resting membrane potential. Resting membrane potential is the
voltage difference across the membrane when the cell is at rest
Product of the unequal distribution of charged particles
Vrs in ionconc -> resting membrane potential Pot vrs in en out ( standaard
-65 mV)
Membrane Potential = Voltage Across Membrane → cel produceert veel ATP om die ionen te pompen
, Equilibrium Potential
= shape van AP
Pumps pomp K in cel (hoog conc in cel) en prot in bilayer (openen via che signaal,
eletrisch, door lek) Kanalen can move Bepaalt voltage -> flux potassium = 0= equilibrium
Voor elk ion is eq pot different
Ionkanaal opent -> membraanpot gaa richting eq potential
Concentration Gradient Voltage Gradient
Importantly… When an ion channel opens it encourages the membrane potential to move
towards its equilibrium potential
Resting Potential = Voltage Across Membrane at ‘Rest’
Ionic Pumps
Energy is used to keep ion concentrations on either side of the membrane away from
respective equilibrium potentials
Na+K+ ATPase pump
Ca2+/Mg2+ATPase pump, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, KCC2 co-transporter
Voltage gated channels → Zorgen dat neuron AP kan genereren Cel change —> open —> naar eq pot
Different Ionic Currents Underlie Action Potential Patterns
Diff AP
• one cell can have 2 states/ 2 diff AP (bv sleep
vs awake)
• Diff cells can have a similar AP
Different Ionic Currents Underlie Action Potential
Patterns
Diff in AP firing —> diff families of voltage gated ion
channels
• HH simulation, visit lab van prof Online journal clubs • 1/3 journal club
(prof van japan) • 2/3 examen: MC en open
• details zie BB
• Paper lezen voor die lessen en dan opdrachten in groep
Hij zet stukjes van HB die goed zijn online
LECTURE 1
‘Introduction and Basic Concepts’
The nervous system
Highly complex
• cellular heterogeneity
• diverse functions (cognitive, motor etc.)
Ability to learn and the site of many diseases
Can be studied at different microscopic and macroscopic levels
Cellen zijn plastisch → retain knowledge
Spatial and temporal scales of measurements
Verschillende manieren om het brein te bestuderen. Vaak snelheid vs spatial resolution
Electrophysiology → kijken naar neuronen en synaps level
Cellular and molecular neuroscience
Study of the nervous system at the level of individual cells → Neurons and other
cells
How do they generate electrical signals and how do they communicate with each
other?
Interaction of large assemblies of neurons provide functionality to the nervous
system (‘Systems Neuroscience’ in Ma1 Sem2)
communication site between neuron and next
neuron
Neurons generate action potentials and
communicate through synapses
,1. Cell types in the nervous system
Types of Neuron → (1011 in the brain)
Structure provides function
Classification of the cells (neurons)
• Many dendrites → functionally
• All the same → they have an axon
Glia cells → 10-5011 in the brain
Not only structural but also nutrients, …
Most likely to be coloured with silver nitrate stain → visual different neurons
2. Electrical signaling in the nervous system
Neuronal membrane = Barrier separating intra- and extra-cellular Lipid bilayer containing phospholipids
PC phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)
PS phosphatidylserine
PE phosphatidylethanolamine
SM sphingomyelin
Lipid billayer membraan -> seperates inside and outside = barierre
,Er kan maar weinig door Bilayer heeft ook prot to selct transport from certain compounds = oa communicattion, regulatie
excitability
Imbalans in conc van de ionen in lichaam (normaal)= kost veel energie
The action potential
The action potential is an electrical potential, ie a voltage, that is initiated close to the cell body of a neuron and
propagates through the processes of that neuron. Fundamental code of the nervous system
Neuron → genereren van AP (HH) (resultaat van verschil in ionconc)
Resting membrane potential
All neurons have a resting membrane potential. Resting membrane potential is the
voltage difference across the membrane when the cell is at rest
Product of the unequal distribution of charged particles
Vrs in ionconc -> resting membrane potential Pot vrs in en out ( standaard
-65 mV)
Membrane Potential = Voltage Across Membrane → cel produceert veel ATP om die ionen te pompen
, Equilibrium Potential
= shape van AP
Pumps pomp K in cel (hoog conc in cel) en prot in bilayer (openen via che signaal,
eletrisch, door lek) Kanalen can move Bepaalt voltage -> flux potassium = 0= equilibrium
Voor elk ion is eq pot different
Ionkanaal opent -> membraanpot gaa richting eq potential
Concentration Gradient Voltage Gradient
Importantly… When an ion channel opens it encourages the membrane potential to move
towards its equilibrium potential
Resting Potential = Voltage Across Membrane at ‘Rest’
Ionic Pumps
Energy is used to keep ion concentrations on either side of the membrane away from
respective equilibrium potentials
Na+K+ ATPase pump
Ca2+/Mg2+ATPase pump, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, KCC2 co-transporter
Voltage gated channels → Zorgen dat neuron AP kan genereren Cel change —> open —> naar eq pot
Different Ionic Currents Underlie Action Potential Patterns
Diff AP
• one cell can have 2 states/ 2 diff AP (bv sleep
vs awake)
• Diff cells can have a similar AP
Different Ionic Currents Underlie Action Potential
Patterns
Diff in AP firing —> diff families of voltage gated ion
channels
