1|Page
CMN 552 COMPREHENSIVE FINAL EXAM ACCURATE
AND FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS AND 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS|| LATEST AND COMPLETE
UPDATE WITH EXPERT VERIFIED SOLUTIONS||
SURE PASS
Which diagnoses are most often confused with mania in children? - ANSWER:
Severe ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder.
What risk factors indicate longer occurrences of mania episodes? - ANSWER:
Substance use (especially marijuana), childhood abuse/maltreatment, and
significant life stressors.
How do depressive episodes differ in bipolar I vs bipolar II? - ANSWER: Bipolar
I includes periods of mania/mild hypomania alternating with depressive states,
while Bipolar II may not be discernible from major depressive disorder and
includes at least one episode of depressive symptoms with more depressive states
than hypomanic episodes.
What are cognitive distortions in manic patients? - ANSWER: Cognitive
distortions include inflated self-esteem, grandiose beliefs, denial, lack of insight,
and delusional beliefs about exceptional abilities, wealth, or persecution.
What symptom do depressed children display instead of dysphoria? - ANSWER:
Depressed or irritable mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure, along with at least
four other symptoms such as weight change, sleep disturbance, fatigue, feelings of
worthlessness, diminished concentration, and suicidal ideation.
What are the common consequences of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder? -
ANSWER: Chronic irritability, disruption in family and peer relationships,
difficulty in school, inability to participate in enjoyable activities, disrupted family
,2|Page
life, trouble sustaining friendships, and common aggression and psychiatric
hospitalization.
How might a child with bipolar disorder exhibit the grandiosity criterion? -
ANSWER: By overestimating abilities, believing they are the best at a sport or the
smartest in class, and attempting dangerous feats that represent a change from their
normal behavior.
What are the required criteria for a hypomanic episode in bipolar I? - ANSWER:
The notes did not provide specific criteria for hypomanic episodes in bipolar I.
What is a distinct period of abnormally elevated mood and energy in bipolar
disorder called? - ANSWER: A manic episode.
What are the mood and energy characteristics of a manic episode? - ANSWER: At
least 4 days of abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally
elevated energy or activity.
What are three symptoms that must persist during a manic episode? - ANSWER:
1. Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity. 2. Decreased need for sleep. 3. More
talkative than usual.
What is the minimum number of symptoms required for a diagnosis of a manic
episode if the mood is irritable? - ANSWER: Four symptoms.
What is a key characteristic of the change in functioning during a manic episode? -
ANSWER: The change is observable by others and is uncharacteristic of the
person when not symptomatic.
,3|Page
What defines a hypomanic episode in relation to antidepressant treatment? -
ANSWER: A full hypomanic episode that emerges during treatment but persists
beyond the physiological effects of that treatment.
What is the recommended titration method for lamotrigine (Lamictal) and why? -
ANSWER: Slow upward titration is recommended to reduce the risk of Stevens-
Johnson Syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.
What are the risk factors for skin rash when taking lamotrigine? - ANSWER:
Younger age, prior history of rash with another drug, and concurrent use with
valproate.
What is considered the 'gold standard' medication for the maintenance treatment of
bipolar disorder? - ANSWER: Lithium.
What types of sleep disturbances may occur in patients with major depressive
disorder? - ANSWER: Hypersomnia, insomnia, trouble falling/staying asleep,
alterations in sleep quality, obstructive sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, and
narcolepsy.
What mnemonic is used for assessing a manic episode in bipolar disorder? -
ANSWER: DIGFAST: Distractibility, Indiscretion, Grandiosity, Flight of Ideas,
Activity Increase, Sleep Deficit, Talkativeness.
Which SSRI is most likely to cause a discontinuation syndrome if abruptly
withdrawn? - ANSWER: Paroxetine (Paxil) due to its short half-life.
What medication is preferred for treating concurrent major depression and anxiety
with hot flashes? - ANSWER: Low-dose paroxetine mesylate (LDPM), the only
SSRI approved specifically for this indication.
, 4|Page
What are common sleep patterns in young depressed patients with bipolar
tendencies? - ANSWER: Hypersomnia and excessive sleep with problems waking
up in the morning.
What is a common symptom of sleep disturbances in depression related to early
morning? - ANSWER: Multiple awakenings, particularly in early morning hours,
with decreased stages of deep sleep.
What part of the brain do SNRIs act upon regarding dopamine? - ANSWER:
SNRIs primarily affect norepinephrine and serotonin, but their action on dopamine
is less direct.
What neurotransmitters do SNRIs boost in the brain? - ANSWER: SNRIs boost
serotonin and norepinephrine (NE) throughout the brain, and dopamine (DA)
specifically in the prefrontal cortex.
What factors increase the risk of suicide in adults with major depression? -
ANSWER: Risk factors include being single, living alone, social
disconnectedness, early life adversity, availability of lethal methods, sleep
disturbance, cognitive and decision-making deficits, and feelings of hopelessness.
What is the most consistently described risk factor for suicide? - ANSWER: A
past history of suicide attempts or threats.
How does anhedonia relate to suicidal ideation? - ANSWER: Anhedonia has a
strong association with suicidal ideation (SI).
CMN 552 COMPREHENSIVE FINAL EXAM ACCURATE
AND FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS AND 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS|| LATEST AND COMPLETE
UPDATE WITH EXPERT VERIFIED SOLUTIONS||
SURE PASS
Which diagnoses are most often confused with mania in children? - ANSWER:
Severe ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder.
What risk factors indicate longer occurrences of mania episodes? - ANSWER:
Substance use (especially marijuana), childhood abuse/maltreatment, and
significant life stressors.
How do depressive episodes differ in bipolar I vs bipolar II? - ANSWER: Bipolar
I includes periods of mania/mild hypomania alternating with depressive states,
while Bipolar II may not be discernible from major depressive disorder and
includes at least one episode of depressive symptoms with more depressive states
than hypomanic episodes.
What are cognitive distortions in manic patients? - ANSWER: Cognitive
distortions include inflated self-esteem, grandiose beliefs, denial, lack of insight,
and delusional beliefs about exceptional abilities, wealth, or persecution.
What symptom do depressed children display instead of dysphoria? - ANSWER:
Depressed or irritable mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure, along with at least
four other symptoms such as weight change, sleep disturbance, fatigue, feelings of
worthlessness, diminished concentration, and suicidal ideation.
What are the common consequences of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder? -
ANSWER: Chronic irritability, disruption in family and peer relationships,
difficulty in school, inability to participate in enjoyable activities, disrupted family
,2|Page
life, trouble sustaining friendships, and common aggression and psychiatric
hospitalization.
How might a child with bipolar disorder exhibit the grandiosity criterion? -
ANSWER: By overestimating abilities, believing they are the best at a sport or the
smartest in class, and attempting dangerous feats that represent a change from their
normal behavior.
What are the required criteria for a hypomanic episode in bipolar I? - ANSWER:
The notes did not provide specific criteria for hypomanic episodes in bipolar I.
What is a distinct period of abnormally elevated mood and energy in bipolar
disorder called? - ANSWER: A manic episode.
What are the mood and energy characteristics of a manic episode? - ANSWER: At
least 4 days of abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally
elevated energy or activity.
What are three symptoms that must persist during a manic episode? - ANSWER:
1. Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity. 2. Decreased need for sleep. 3. More
talkative than usual.
What is the minimum number of symptoms required for a diagnosis of a manic
episode if the mood is irritable? - ANSWER: Four symptoms.
What is a key characteristic of the change in functioning during a manic episode? -
ANSWER: The change is observable by others and is uncharacteristic of the
person when not symptomatic.
,3|Page
What defines a hypomanic episode in relation to antidepressant treatment? -
ANSWER: A full hypomanic episode that emerges during treatment but persists
beyond the physiological effects of that treatment.
What is the recommended titration method for lamotrigine (Lamictal) and why? -
ANSWER: Slow upward titration is recommended to reduce the risk of Stevens-
Johnson Syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.
What are the risk factors for skin rash when taking lamotrigine? - ANSWER:
Younger age, prior history of rash with another drug, and concurrent use with
valproate.
What is considered the 'gold standard' medication for the maintenance treatment of
bipolar disorder? - ANSWER: Lithium.
What types of sleep disturbances may occur in patients with major depressive
disorder? - ANSWER: Hypersomnia, insomnia, trouble falling/staying asleep,
alterations in sleep quality, obstructive sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, and
narcolepsy.
What mnemonic is used for assessing a manic episode in bipolar disorder? -
ANSWER: DIGFAST: Distractibility, Indiscretion, Grandiosity, Flight of Ideas,
Activity Increase, Sleep Deficit, Talkativeness.
Which SSRI is most likely to cause a discontinuation syndrome if abruptly
withdrawn? - ANSWER: Paroxetine (Paxil) due to its short half-life.
What medication is preferred for treating concurrent major depression and anxiety
with hot flashes? - ANSWER: Low-dose paroxetine mesylate (LDPM), the only
SSRI approved specifically for this indication.
, 4|Page
What are common sleep patterns in young depressed patients with bipolar
tendencies? - ANSWER: Hypersomnia and excessive sleep with problems waking
up in the morning.
What is a common symptom of sleep disturbances in depression related to early
morning? - ANSWER: Multiple awakenings, particularly in early morning hours,
with decreased stages of deep sleep.
What part of the brain do SNRIs act upon regarding dopamine? - ANSWER:
SNRIs primarily affect norepinephrine and serotonin, but their action on dopamine
is less direct.
What neurotransmitters do SNRIs boost in the brain? - ANSWER: SNRIs boost
serotonin and norepinephrine (NE) throughout the brain, and dopamine (DA)
specifically in the prefrontal cortex.
What factors increase the risk of suicide in adults with major depression? -
ANSWER: Risk factors include being single, living alone, social
disconnectedness, early life adversity, availability of lethal methods, sleep
disturbance, cognitive and decision-making deficits, and feelings of hopelessness.
What is the most consistently described risk factor for suicide? - ANSWER: A
past history of suicide attempts or threats.
How does anhedonia relate to suicidal ideation? - ANSWER: Anhedonia has a
strong association with suicidal ideation (SI).
