TEST BANK
Sports Nutrition for Health Professionals
Natalie Digate Muth, and Michelle Murphy Zive
2nd Edition
,Table of Contents
Chapter 01 Carbohydrates 1
Chapter 02 Protein 8
Chapter 03 Fats 15
Chapter 04 Vitamins, Minerals, Electrolytes, and Water 25
Chapter 05 Dietary Guidelines, General Nutrition Recommendations, and Federal Nutrition
Policy 41
Chapter 06 Fundamentals of Exercise Physiology and Nutrition 51
Chapter 07 Nutrition Strategies for Optimal Athletic Performance 64
Chapter 08 Exercise, Thermoregulation, and Fluid Balance 73
Chapter 09 Nutritional Strategies for Competitive Endurance, Strength, and Power Athletes 84
Chapter 10 Nutritional Supplements and Ergongenic Aids 98
Chapter 11 Nutrition and Body Composition Coaching and Assessment 112
Chapter 12 Weight Management and Energy Balance 125
Chapter 13 Nutrition across the Lifecycle 142
Chapter 14 Nutrition for Athletes with Illness or Injury 159
Chapter 15 Eating and Exercise Disorders 167
Chapter 16 Nutrition for Athletes with Special Dietary Needs 178
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Test Bank - Sports Nutrition for Health Professionals, 2nd Edition (Muth, 2020)
Chapter 1: Carbohydrates
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which type of monosaccharide do body cells use for energy?
A. Fructose
B. Glucose
C. Galactose
D. Lactose
ANS: B
Rationale: Lactose is a disaccharide, and fructose and galactose must be converted to
glucose for the cells to use for energy.
PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: 1-1
KEY: monosaccharide | glucose | energy sources
2. In what form does the body store carbohydrates?
A. Glycogen
B. Fat
C. Cellulite
D. Amylopectin
ANS: A
Rationale: The body stores carbohydrates as glycogen in the liver and muscles.
PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: 1-1 | 1-4
KEY: glycogen | carbohydrate storage
3. Which of the following is a naturally occurring, plant-based, noncaloric sweetener?
A. Stevia
B. Sorbitol
C. Saccharin
D. Neotame
ANS: A
Rationale: The stevia plant produces a noncaloric, all-natural sweetener.
PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: 1-1
KEY: stevia | noncaloric sweeteners
4. Which type of carbohydrate is structurally composed of a chain of three to ten simple
sugars?
A. Amylose
B. Galactose
C. Amylopectin
D. Oligosaccharide
ANS: D
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Test Bank - Sports Nutrition for Health Professionals, 2nd Edition (Muth, 2020)
Rationale: Oligosaccharides are chains of three to ten monosaccharides. Amylose and
amylopectin are examples of polysaccharide starches, and galactose is a monosaccharide.
PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: 1-2 KEY: oligosaccharide
5. Which type of starch is easily digested?
A. Amylose
B. Amylopectin
C. Cellulose
D. Glycogen
ANS: B
Rationale: Amylose is resistant to digestion. Cellulose is a basically indigestible fiber, and
glycogen is not a form of starch.
PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: 1-2
KEY: starch | carbohydrate structure
6. What deficiency will cause the painful gastrointestinal symptoms associated with lactose
intolerance?
A. Alpha-dextrinase deficiency
B. Pancreatic amylase deficiency
C. Lactase deficiency
D. Trehelase deficiency
ANS: C
Rationale: The enzyme lactase is responsible for breaking lactose into its component parts.
The inability to break down lactose results in painful gastrointestinal symptoms like
abdominal cramps, bloating, diarrhea, and flatulence.
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1-4
KEY: lactose intolerance | carbohydrate digestion
7. Approximately how many grams of glycogen can the body store for energy use?
A. 90 g
B. 150 g
C. 240 g
D. 500 g
ANS: C
Rationale: The body can store approximately 240 g of glycogen (90 g in the liver and 150 g
in the muscles). Any additional glucose not needed for normal body activity is converted to
fat for storage.
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1-4
KEY: glycogen | carbohydrate storage
8. What organ produces the enzymes responsible for maintaining blood sugar levels within
normal limits?
A. Pancreas
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Test Bank - Sports Nutrition for Health Professionals, 2nd Edition (Muth, 2020)
B. Liver
C. Gallbladder
D. Small intestine
ANS: A
Rationale: Insulin and glucagon, the hormones responsible for regulating blood sugar, are
produced in the pancreas.
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1-5 KEY: blood sugar
9. According to acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDRs), how many grams of
carbohydrates should be consumed daily by an athlete consuming a 3,000-calorie diet?
A. 130 to 200 g/day
B. 225 to 325 g/day
C. 338 to 488 g/day
D. 500 to 650 g/day
ANS: C
Rationale: AMDR is 45% to 65% of calories from carbohydrates. For an individual
consuming a 3,000-calorie diet, that is 1,350 to 1,950 calories. Carbohydrates carry 4 cal/g.
PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: 1-5
KEY: recommended intake | AMDR | acceptable macronutrient distribution range
10. What is the glycemic load (GL) of a small orange (15 g carbohydrates [CHO]) with a
glycemic index (GI) of 40?
A. 2.2
B. 4.5
C. 6
D. 8.25
ANS: C
Rationale: GL = (GI g CHO)/100; GL = (40 15 g CHO)/100; GL = 6
PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: 1-6 KEY: glycemic load
11. What is the best way for an athlete to spare protein and avoid gluconeogenesis?
A. Limit glycogen stores.
B. Consume only water during training sessions in excess of 45 min in duration.
C. Consume high amounts of fiber on training days.
D. Consume adequate carbohydrates to fuel performance.
ANS: D
Rationale: Gluconeogenesis occurs when there is limited glucose or glycogen available as
an energy source.
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1-8 KEY: gluconeogenesis
12. What type of bond joins monosaccharides together to form disaccharides, oligosaccharides,
and polysaccharides?
A. Glycosidic bond
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Test Bank - Sports Nutrition for Health Professionals, 2nd Edition (Muth, 2020)
B. Glucogenic bond
C. Carbon double bond
D. Glycerol bond
ANS: A
Rationale: Glycosidic bonds connect monosaccharides together to form the other types of
carbohydrate chains.
PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: 1-1 KEY: glycosidic bond
13. Which of the following is a benefit attributed to fructooligosaccharides that are found
naturally in some fruits and vegetable and are commercially produced as reduced-calorie
sweeteners?
A. Increased triglyceride levels
B. Relief of constipation
C. Decreased glycogen storage
D. Increased amino acid production
ANS: B
Rationale: Fructooligosaccharide use has been associated with constipation relief, improved
triglyceride levels, and decreased production of foul-smelling digestive by-products.
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1-1
KEY: fructooligosaccharides
14. Which enzyme begins the process of carbohydrate digestion?
A. Pancreatic amylase
B. Insulin
C. Salivary amylase
D. Glucagon
ANS: C
Rationale: Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth when salivary amylase breaks
large polysaccharides into oligosaccharides and disaccharides.
PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: 1-4
KEY: salivary amylase | carbohydrate digestion
15. What substance is released by the pancreas into the duodenum to create a more alkaline
environment to allow the digestive enzymes to perform their assigned functions in
carbohydrate digestion?
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Pancreatic amylase
D. Bicarbonate
ANS: D
Rationale: Bicarbonate results in a more alkaline environment, so digestive enzymes can
survive the acidity of the materials moving into the small intestine from the stomach.
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1-4
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Test Bank - Sports Nutrition for Health Professionals, 2nd Edition (Muth, 2020)
KEY: bicarbonate | carbohydrate digestion
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
16. Which of the following statements describes what happens after digested sugars are
delivered to the liver through the portal system? Select all that apply.
A. Fructose and galactose are converted to glucose.
B. Glucose is converted to glycogen and stored in the pancreas for later use.
C. Glucose enters the bloodstream based on body needs.
D. Glucose is converted to fat based on body needs.
ANS: A, C, D
Rationale: Sugars may be converted to glycogen, but glycogen is stored in the muscles and
liver, not the pancreas.
PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: 1-4
KEY: portal system | glycogen | carbohydrate absorption
17. Which of the following are considered health benefits associated with high-viscosity fiber
consumption? Select all that apply.
A. Increased feeling of fullness
B. Decreased fat absorption
C. Decreased cholesterol levels
D. Decreased insulin resistance
ANS: A, B, C, D
Rationale: High-viscosity or soluble fiber typically slows gastric emptying, which
contributes to feelings of fullness and better regulation of blood sugar levels. In addition, it
interferes with fat and cholesterol absorption and recirculation. This fiber is also linked in
improving cells’ sensitivity to insulin, therefore decreasing insulin resistance and type 2
diabetes risk.
PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: 1-7
KEY: high-viscosity fiber | soluble fiber
TRUE/FALSE
18. All types of carbohydrates provide 4 calories per gram.
ANS: F
Rationale: Most carbohydrates provide 4 calories per gram; however, dietary fiber
contributes approximately 1.5 to 2.5 calories per gram.
PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: 1-1 KEY: calorie
19. Research indicates that consuming foods with a lower glycemic load may offer significant
health benefits, including weight control and decreased risk of diabetes and heart disease.
ANS: T
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Test Bank - Sports Nutrition for Health Professionals, 2nd Edition (Muth, 2020)
Rationale: Significant health benefits are associated with low-glycemic-load foods due to
their nutrient density and the stability they provide to blood sugar and insulin levels.
PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: 1-6 KEY: glycemic load
20. The average American consumes and exceeds the daily recommendations for fiber intake.
ANS: F
Rationale: Americans consume far less than the recommended fiber intake of 14 g per 1000
calories, or 25 to 35 g per day.
PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: 1-7 KEY: fiber
ORDERED RESPONSE
21. Place the steps of carbohydrate digestion in order. (1 to 10)
1. Enzyme action is inhibited due to acidic environment, and bolus is converted to chyme.
2. Chyme passes into the duodenum, and pancreatic enzymes help to break glycosidic
bonds.
3. Salivary amylase begins to break polysaccharides into oligosaccharides and
disaccharides.
4. Bolus moves into the stomach.
5. Brush border enzymes break carbohydrates into monosaccharides, and absorption occurs
into the microvilli.
6. Undigested carbohydrates move into the large intestine.
7. Chyme passes into the jejunum and ileum.
8. Some fiber is partially digested by bacteria through fermentation, and the remaining fiber
is excreted.
9. Monosaccharides absorbed into the bloodstream pass through portal circulation for
distribution or storage.
10. Bolus passes through the esophagus.
ANS:
3, 10, 4, 1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 6, 8
PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: 1-4
KEY: carbohydrate digestion
SHORT ANSWER
22. Describe the manner in which insulin and glucagon regulate blood sugar levels.
ANS:
When blood sugar levels begin to rise, insulin aids in the uptake of glucose and conversion
of carbohydrates into fat for long-term storage. Glucagon is released when blood sugar
levels decrease; it increases blood sugar levels by regulating the breakdown of glycogen into
glucose and the conversion of fat into fuel to maintain blood glucose levels while
conserving glycogen.
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Sports Nutrition for Health Professionals
Natalie Digate Muth, and Michelle Murphy Zive
2nd Edition
,Table of Contents
Chapter 01 Carbohydrates 1
Chapter 02 Protein 8
Chapter 03 Fats 15
Chapter 04 Vitamins, Minerals, Electrolytes, and Water 25
Chapter 05 Dietary Guidelines, General Nutrition Recommendations, and Federal Nutrition
Policy 41
Chapter 06 Fundamentals of Exercise Physiology and Nutrition 51
Chapter 07 Nutrition Strategies for Optimal Athletic Performance 64
Chapter 08 Exercise, Thermoregulation, and Fluid Balance 73
Chapter 09 Nutritional Strategies for Competitive Endurance, Strength, and Power Athletes 84
Chapter 10 Nutritional Supplements and Ergongenic Aids 98
Chapter 11 Nutrition and Body Composition Coaching and Assessment 112
Chapter 12 Weight Management and Energy Balance 125
Chapter 13 Nutrition across the Lifecycle 142
Chapter 14 Nutrition for Athletes with Illness or Injury 159
Chapter 15 Eating and Exercise Disorders 167
Chapter 16 Nutrition for Athletes with Special Dietary Needs 178
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Sports Nutrition for Health Professionals, 2nd Edition (Muth, 2020)
Chapter 1: Carbohydrates
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which type of monosaccharide do body cells use for energy?
A. Fructose
B. Glucose
C. Galactose
D. Lactose
ANS: B
Rationale: Lactose is a disaccharide, and fructose and galactose must be converted to
glucose for the cells to use for energy.
PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: 1-1
KEY: monosaccharide | glucose | energy sources
2. In what form does the body store carbohydrates?
A. Glycogen
B. Fat
C. Cellulite
D. Amylopectin
ANS: A
Rationale: The body stores carbohydrates as glycogen in the liver and muscles.
PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: 1-1 | 1-4
KEY: glycogen | carbohydrate storage
3. Which of the following is a naturally occurring, plant-based, noncaloric sweetener?
A. Stevia
B. Sorbitol
C. Saccharin
D. Neotame
ANS: A
Rationale: The stevia plant produces a noncaloric, all-natural sweetener.
PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: 1-1
KEY: stevia | noncaloric sweeteners
4. Which type of carbohydrate is structurally composed of a chain of three to ten simple
sugars?
A. Amylose
B. Galactose
C. Amylopectin
D. Oligosaccharide
ANS: D
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,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Sports Nutrition for Health Professionals, 2nd Edition (Muth, 2020)
Rationale: Oligosaccharides are chains of three to ten monosaccharides. Amylose and
amylopectin are examples of polysaccharide starches, and galactose is a monosaccharide.
PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: 1-2 KEY: oligosaccharide
5. Which type of starch is easily digested?
A. Amylose
B. Amylopectin
C. Cellulose
D. Glycogen
ANS: B
Rationale: Amylose is resistant to digestion. Cellulose is a basically indigestible fiber, and
glycogen is not a form of starch.
PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: 1-2
KEY: starch | carbohydrate structure
6. What deficiency will cause the painful gastrointestinal symptoms associated with lactose
intolerance?
A. Alpha-dextrinase deficiency
B. Pancreatic amylase deficiency
C. Lactase deficiency
D. Trehelase deficiency
ANS: C
Rationale: The enzyme lactase is responsible for breaking lactose into its component parts.
The inability to break down lactose results in painful gastrointestinal symptoms like
abdominal cramps, bloating, diarrhea, and flatulence.
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1-4
KEY: lactose intolerance | carbohydrate digestion
7. Approximately how many grams of glycogen can the body store for energy use?
A. 90 g
B. 150 g
C. 240 g
D. 500 g
ANS: C
Rationale: The body can store approximately 240 g of glycogen (90 g in the liver and 150 g
in the muscles). Any additional glucose not needed for normal body activity is converted to
fat for storage.
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1-4
KEY: glycogen | carbohydrate storage
8. What organ produces the enzymes responsible for maintaining blood sugar levels within
normal limits?
A. Pancreas
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Test Bank - Sports Nutrition for Health Professionals, 2nd Edition (Muth, 2020)
B. Liver
C. Gallbladder
D. Small intestine
ANS: A
Rationale: Insulin and glucagon, the hormones responsible for regulating blood sugar, are
produced in the pancreas.
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1-5 KEY: blood sugar
9. According to acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDRs), how many grams of
carbohydrates should be consumed daily by an athlete consuming a 3,000-calorie diet?
A. 130 to 200 g/day
B. 225 to 325 g/day
C. 338 to 488 g/day
D. 500 to 650 g/day
ANS: C
Rationale: AMDR is 45% to 65% of calories from carbohydrates. For an individual
consuming a 3,000-calorie diet, that is 1,350 to 1,950 calories. Carbohydrates carry 4 cal/g.
PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: 1-5
KEY: recommended intake | AMDR | acceptable macronutrient distribution range
10. What is the glycemic load (GL) of a small orange (15 g carbohydrates [CHO]) with a
glycemic index (GI) of 40?
A. 2.2
B. 4.5
C. 6
D. 8.25
ANS: C
Rationale: GL = (GI g CHO)/100; GL = (40 15 g CHO)/100; GL = 6
PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: 1-6 KEY: glycemic load
11. What is the best way for an athlete to spare protein and avoid gluconeogenesis?
A. Limit glycogen stores.
B. Consume only water during training sessions in excess of 45 min in duration.
C. Consume high amounts of fiber on training days.
D. Consume adequate carbohydrates to fuel performance.
ANS: D
Rationale: Gluconeogenesis occurs when there is limited glucose or glycogen available as
an energy source.
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1-8 KEY: gluconeogenesis
12. What type of bond joins monosaccharides together to form disaccharides, oligosaccharides,
and polysaccharides?
A. Glycosidic bond
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Test Bank - Sports Nutrition for Health Professionals, 2nd Edition (Muth, 2020)
B. Glucogenic bond
C. Carbon double bond
D. Glycerol bond
ANS: A
Rationale: Glycosidic bonds connect monosaccharides together to form the other types of
carbohydrate chains.
PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: 1-1 KEY: glycosidic bond
13. Which of the following is a benefit attributed to fructooligosaccharides that are found
naturally in some fruits and vegetable and are commercially produced as reduced-calorie
sweeteners?
A. Increased triglyceride levels
B. Relief of constipation
C. Decreased glycogen storage
D. Increased amino acid production
ANS: B
Rationale: Fructooligosaccharide use has been associated with constipation relief, improved
triglyceride levels, and decreased production of foul-smelling digestive by-products.
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1-1
KEY: fructooligosaccharides
14. Which enzyme begins the process of carbohydrate digestion?
A. Pancreatic amylase
B. Insulin
C. Salivary amylase
D. Glucagon
ANS: C
Rationale: Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth when salivary amylase breaks
large polysaccharides into oligosaccharides and disaccharides.
PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: 1-4
KEY: salivary amylase | carbohydrate digestion
15. What substance is released by the pancreas into the duodenum to create a more alkaline
environment to allow the digestive enzymes to perform their assigned functions in
carbohydrate digestion?
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Pancreatic amylase
D. Bicarbonate
ANS: D
Rationale: Bicarbonate results in a more alkaline environment, so digestive enzymes can
survive the acidity of the materials moving into the small intestine from the stomach.
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1-4
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Test Bank - Sports Nutrition for Health Professionals, 2nd Edition (Muth, 2020)
KEY: bicarbonate | carbohydrate digestion
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
16. Which of the following statements describes what happens after digested sugars are
delivered to the liver through the portal system? Select all that apply.
A. Fructose and galactose are converted to glucose.
B. Glucose is converted to glycogen and stored in the pancreas for later use.
C. Glucose enters the bloodstream based on body needs.
D. Glucose is converted to fat based on body needs.
ANS: A, C, D
Rationale: Sugars may be converted to glycogen, but glycogen is stored in the muscles and
liver, not the pancreas.
PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: 1-4
KEY: portal system | glycogen | carbohydrate absorption
17. Which of the following are considered health benefits associated with high-viscosity fiber
consumption? Select all that apply.
A. Increased feeling of fullness
B. Decreased fat absorption
C. Decreased cholesterol levels
D. Decreased insulin resistance
ANS: A, B, C, D
Rationale: High-viscosity or soluble fiber typically slows gastric emptying, which
contributes to feelings of fullness and better regulation of blood sugar levels. In addition, it
interferes with fat and cholesterol absorption and recirculation. This fiber is also linked in
improving cells’ sensitivity to insulin, therefore decreasing insulin resistance and type 2
diabetes risk.
PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: 1-7
KEY: high-viscosity fiber | soluble fiber
TRUE/FALSE
18. All types of carbohydrates provide 4 calories per gram.
ANS: F
Rationale: Most carbohydrates provide 4 calories per gram; however, dietary fiber
contributes approximately 1.5 to 2.5 calories per gram.
PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: 1-1 KEY: calorie
19. Research indicates that consuming foods with a lower glycemic load may offer significant
health benefits, including weight control and decreased risk of diabetes and heart disease.
ANS: T
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, ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Sports Nutrition for Health Professionals, 2nd Edition (Muth, 2020)
Rationale: Significant health benefits are associated with low-glycemic-load foods due to
their nutrient density and the stability they provide to blood sugar and insulin levels.
PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: 1-6 KEY: glycemic load
20. The average American consumes and exceeds the daily recommendations for fiber intake.
ANS: F
Rationale: Americans consume far less than the recommended fiber intake of 14 g per 1000
calories, or 25 to 35 g per day.
PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: 1-7 KEY: fiber
ORDERED RESPONSE
21. Place the steps of carbohydrate digestion in order. (1 to 10)
1. Enzyme action is inhibited due to acidic environment, and bolus is converted to chyme.
2. Chyme passes into the duodenum, and pancreatic enzymes help to break glycosidic
bonds.
3. Salivary amylase begins to break polysaccharides into oligosaccharides and
disaccharides.
4. Bolus moves into the stomach.
5. Brush border enzymes break carbohydrates into monosaccharides, and absorption occurs
into the microvilli.
6. Undigested carbohydrates move into the large intestine.
7. Chyme passes into the jejunum and ileum.
8. Some fiber is partially digested by bacteria through fermentation, and the remaining fiber
is excreted.
9. Monosaccharides absorbed into the bloodstream pass through portal circulation for
distribution or storage.
10. Bolus passes through the esophagus.
ANS:
3, 10, 4, 1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 6, 8
PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: 1-4
KEY: carbohydrate digestion
SHORT ANSWER
22. Describe the manner in which insulin and glucagon regulate blood sugar levels.
ANS:
When blood sugar levels begin to rise, insulin aids in the uptake of glucose and conversion
of carbohydrates into fat for long-term storage. Glucagon is released when blood sugar
levels decrease; it increases blood sugar levels by regulating the breakdown of glycogen into
glucose and the conversion of fat into fuel to maintain blood glucose levels while
conserving glycogen.
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