Understanding Pathophysiology Final Detailed review. Questions With Correct and Verified Answers

Understanding Pathophysiology Final review "The nurse is aware that hyperkalemia can be manifested in the following signs and symptoms. (Select all that apply) a. Bone pain, osteoporosis b. Potassium level >5.5 mEq/L c. Increased neuromuscular irritability d. Normal EKG tracing (reading) e. Muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone, and paralysis - Correct Answer Potassium level >5.5 mEq/L; Increased neuromuscular irritability; Muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone, and paralysis" "The primary provider told your patient to increase dietary potassium. The nurse would help the client identify which of the following in his/her diet teaching as higher in potassium? (Select all that apply) a. Watermelon b. Oranges c. Banannas d. Apples e. Baked potatoes - Correct Answer Oranges, Bananas, Baked potatoes" "When planning care for a dehydrated patient, the nurse remembers that the principle of water balance is closely related to the balance of: A. bicarbonate B. potassium C. sodium D. chloride - Correct Answer C. Sodium" "During childhood, the thymus decreases in size, and this is referred to as what type of atrophy? A. Disuse B. Neurogenic C. Pathologic D. Physiologic - Correct Answer D. physiologic" When a nurse observes muscle stiffening occurring within 6-14 hours after death, the nurse should document this finding as the presence of A. Necrosis B. Ischemia C. Rigor mortis D. Gangrene - Correct Answer C. Rigor mortis" "A 5-year-old male presents to the ER with delirium and sunken eyes. After diagnosing him with severe dehydration, the primary care provider orders fluid replacement. The nurse administers a hypertonic intravenous solution. Which of the following would be expected? A. Symptoms subside quickly B. Intracellular dehydration C. Massive dependent edema D. No noticeable effect - Correct Answer B. Intracellular dehydration" "Water movement between the ICF and ECF compartments is determined by A. osmotic forces. B. buffer systems C. antidiuretic hormone D. plasma pressure - Correct Answer A. osmotic forces" "Which is the initial treatment for hypernatremia? a. Diuretic administration b. Isotonic 0.9% normal saline fluid c. Isotonic salt-free fluid (5% dextrose in water). d. Restriction of fluids - Correct Answer C. Isotonic salt-free fluid (5% dextrose in water)." "A patient has a heart attack that leads to progressive cell injury that causes cell death with severe cell swelling and breakdown of organelles. What term would the nurse use to define this process? A. Adaptation B. Apoptosis C. Necrosis D. Calcification - Correct Answer C. necrosis" "While reading a textbook, a student reads the term apoptosis. The student recalls that apoptosis is a condition in which cells program themselves to: A. atrophy B. die C. age D. regenerate - Correct Answer B. die" "A nurse is reviewing lab reports. The nurse recalls blood plasma is located in which of the following fluid compartments? A. Intravascular fluid B. Intracellular fluid (ICF) C. Extracellular fluid (ECF) D. Interstitial fluid - Correct Answer A. Intravascular fluid" "A 15-year-old female presents to the ER following a physical assault. She has internal damage to the neck with deep bruising. X-ray reveals fractures of the hyoid bone and tracheal and cricoid cartilage. Which of the following most likely caused her injuries? A. Chemical asphyxiation B. Manual strangulation C. Choking (foreign body) asphyxiation D. Ligature strangulation - Correct Answer B. Manual strangulation" "Which of the following is the most common cause of cellular injury? A. Chemical injury B. Hypoxia C. Free radical-induced injury D. Radiation injury - Correct Answer B. hypoxia" "Your patient is on Lasix 40mg and passing large amounts of urine. The nurse would be aware that the patient may be loosing _________________ in the urine passed. A. Sodium B. Potassium - Correct Answer B. potassium" "A 75-year-old male presents with chest pain on exertion. The chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic injury secondary to A. malnutrition B. chemical toxicity C. free radicals D. ischemia - Correct Answer ischemia" "A 40-year-old female's Pap smear indicates abnormal changes in the shape and organization of cervical cells. Which term would be used to identify this type of change? A. Atrophy B. Dysplasia C. Hypertrophy D. Metaplasia - Correct Answer Dysplasia" "A nurse recalls that regulation of acid-base balance through removal or retention of volatile acids is accomplished by the A. liver B. buffer system C. lungs D. skin - Correct Answer lungs" "female with one X chromosome - Correct Answer turner's syndrome" "possesses at least two X chromosomes - Correct Answer Klinefelter's syndrome" "trisomy 21 - Correct Answer Down syndrome" "important in allergic and inflammatory responses - Correct Answer IgE" "most abundant in the body - Correct Answer IgG" "Contains the toxin produced by the microorganism altered to be harmless - Correct Answer Toxid" "A 55-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is examined for respiratory disturbance. Examination of his airway (bronchial) reveals that stratified squamous epithelial cells have replaced the normal columnar ciliated cells. This type of cellular adaptation is called: A. metaplasia B. anaplasia C. hyperplasiz D. dysplasia - Correct Answer A. metaplasia" "A report comes back indicating that muscular atrophy has occurred. A nurse recalls that muscular atrophy involves a decrease in muscle cell A. vacuoles B. number C. lipids D. size - Correct Answer D. size" "For a patient experiencing metabolic acidosis, the body will compensate by: A. Hypoventilating B. Hyperventilating - Correct Answer B. Hyperventilating" "Contains dead or inactivated virus - Correct Answer Killed" "Contains bacteria or virus that has been altered - Correct Answer attenuated, live" "inflammation is the - Correct Answer second line of defense" "Physical, mechanical, biochemical barriers are the - Correct Answer First line of defense" "Adaptive (acquired) (specific) immunity is the - Correct Answer third Line of defense" "Watery exudate: indicates early inflammation - Correct Answer serous exudate" "Pus: indicates a bacterial infection - Correct Answer purulent exudate (suppurative)" "In an autosomal recessive disorder, which genetic make-up would have the disease? A. DD B. dd C. Dd - Correct Answer B. dd" "What type of mutation does not change the amino acid sequence and thus has no observable consequence? a. Silent b. Polygenic c. Spontaneous - Correct Answer A. silent" "Why do identical twins grow up to be so different; one an athlete, the other a cardiac patient before age 55? A. Epigenetics B. Nature vs nuture C. Luck, bad luck - Correct Answer A. Epigenetics" "The epigenome, methyl group, is thought to effect the gene by: a. Inhibiting gene expression. b. Boosting gene exression - Correct Answer A. Inhibiting gene expression." "Epigentic changes can endure cell division which means they could effect an organism for life. true or false - Correct Answer true" "The epigenome engages in a lifelong dialogue between the genes and the environment. Which of the following are thought to affect this live long dialogue? Select one or more: a. gender b. chemical exposure c. diet d. medications e. age - Correct Answer chemical exposure, diet, medication" "Research has demonstrated that neural stem cells have an impaired ability to differentiate into functional neurons when subjected to: A. Marijuana B. Smoking, poor oxygenation C. Alcohol (ETOH) - Correct Answer C. Alcohol (ETOH)" "During which stage of human development does the role of epigenetics have the greatest impact on the development of epigenetic abnormalities? A. Puberty B. Middle age C. In utero - Correct Answer C. in utero" "The nurse is assessing a patient with a diagnosis of inflammation. The nurse would expect to find which of the following signs and symptoms consistent with acute inflammation? Select one or more: a. paleness b. loss of function c. heat/warmth d. pain e. redness (erythema) - Correct Answer loss of function, heat/warmth, pain, redness (erythema)" "Which of the following terms describes the type of immunity that occurs when preformed antibodies transfer from donor to recipient? A. Passive B. Cellular C. Active D. Memory - Correct Answer A. Passive" "Thick, clotted exudate: indicates more advanced inflammation - Correct Answer fibrinous exudate" "Exudate contains blood: indicates bleeding - Correct Answer hemorrhagic exudate" "Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. RNA contains the same bases as DNA B. DNA is replicated in the cytoplasm C. RNA is double stranded D. A mutation is an inherited alteration of DNA - Correct Answer D. A mutation is an inherited alteration of DNA" "The composition of genes; or, what they have? A. Genotype B. Phenotype - Correct Answer A. Genotype" "The predominant phagocyte of early inflammation is the: A. macrophage. B. neutrophil. C. lymphocyte. D. eosinophil. - Correct Answer B. neutrophil" "Would healing is marked by three phases, pick the three phases: Select one or more: a. Renaissance b. Repair c. Resolution d. Resurrection e. Regeneration - Correct Answer repair, resolution, regeneration" "Which of the following is NOT a systematic manifestation of acute inflammation? A. Increased plasma proteins (eg, C-reactive, Fibrinogen) B. Fever C. Chemotaxis D. Leukocytosis (elevated WBC) - Correct Answer C. Chemotaxis" "You patient has cut himself with a box cutter and the provider is able to suture the wound. You would explain that the would will heal by: A. Dysfunctional healing B. Primary intent C. Secondary intent - Correct Answer B. primary intent" "Ability to spread from one individual to others and cause disease - Correct Answer communicability" "Ability of a pathogen to invade and multiply in the host - Correct Answer infectivity" "Ability of an agent to produce disease - Correct Answer pathogenicity" "A patient presents with poison ivy on the extremities, face, and buttocks after an initial exposure 48 hours ago. - Correct Answer delayed hypersensitive reaction" "When a nurse cares for a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the nurse remembers this disease is an example of - Correct Answer autoimmunity" "A blood clot formed in situ within the vascular system (stationary) which may be impeding blood flow - Correct Answer Thrombus" "A condition marked by distended, tortuous, and palpable veins - Correct Answer varicose veins" "A blood clot, air bubble, piece of fatty deposit, or other object that has been carried in the bloodstream - Correct Answer embolus" "A condition in which (severe) cramping pain in the leg is induced by exercise, typically caused by obstruction of the arteries - Correct Answer Intermittent Claudication" "Which of the following are NON-modifiable factors for coronary artery disease. Select one or more: a. Increased age b. Diabetes mellitus c. Dyslipidemia d. Gender e. Family history - Correct Answer increased age, gender, family history" "A 75-year-old obese female presents to her primary care provider reporting edema in the lower extremities. Physical exam reveals that she has varicose veins. Upon performing the history, which of the following is a possible cause for the varicose veins? A. Long periods of standing B. Diet C. Ischemia D. Extreme exercise - Correct Answer A. long periods of standing" "Most cases of combined systolic and diastolic hypertension have no known cause and are documented on the chart as _____ hypertension (aka, essential). A. Acquired B. Secondary C. Congenital D. Primary - Correct Answer D. Primary" "When a nurse checks the patient for orthostatic hypotension, what activity did the nurse have the patient engage in? A. Standing up B. Jumping jacks C. Exercise D. Sleeping - Correct Answer A. Standing Up" "Severe and chronic hypertension can lead to which of the following? A. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease B. Coronary artery disease C. Glaucoma D. Anemia - Correct Answer B. Coronary artery disease" "The most common cause of myocardial ischemia is: A. atherosclerosis. B. idiopathic vasospasm C. arterial emboli from a heart valve D. venous emboli - Correct Answer A. atherosclerosis." "A 51-year-old male presents with recurrent chest pain on exertion and is diagnosed with angina pectoris. The pain occurs when: A. the vagus nerve is stimulated B. myocardial stretch has exceeded the upper limits C. the myocardial oxygen supply has fallen below demand. D. cardiac output has fallen below normal levels - Correct Answer C. the myocardial oxygen supply has fallen below demand." "A 75-year-old male has severe chest pain and dials 911. Based upon the lab findings indicating a patient has elevated levels of cardiac troponins, the nurse suspects which of the following has occurred? A. Angina B. Orthostatic hypotension C. Raynaud's disease D. Mycordial Infarction (MI) - Correct Answer D. Mycordial Infarction (MI)" "All of the following presentations are at least urgent; which three of the following require immediate intervention, select all that apply. Select one or more: a. non-STEMI b. STEMI c. Fusiform or berry aneurysm d. Stable angina e. Unstable angina f. Dissecting aneurysm - Correct Answer STEMI, Unstable angina, dissecting aneurysm" "Which of the following hormones enhances myocardial contractility? A. Epinephrine B. Cortisol C. Norepinephrine - Correct Answer Epinephrine" "A nurse recalls that stress-induced stimulation of the adrenal cortex causes it to secrete A. Epinephrine B. Norepinephrine C. Cortisol - Correct Answer C. Cortisol" "35-year-old male is diagnosed with a hormone-secreting tumor of the adrenal medulla. He experiences elevated blood pressure and increased anxiety. Which of the following hormones is the predominant one released by the tumor? A. Norepinephrine B. Cortisol C. Epinephrine - Correct Answer A. Norepinephrine" "When a patient asks the nurse what hypersensitivity is, how should the nurse respond? Hypersensitivity is best defined as: A. antigenic desensitization B. a normal immune response to an infectious agent C. an excessive or inappropriate response of the immune system to a sensitizing antigen. D. a reduced immune response found in most pathologic states - Correct Answer C. an excessive or inappropriate response of the immune system to a sensitizing antigen." "A nurse recalls bacteria become resistant to antimicrobials by: A. proliferation. B. mutation. C. attenuation. D. specialization. - Correct Answer B. mutation." "Which of the following is a characteristic of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS? A. HIV is a retrovirus B. HIV only infects B cells C. Infection does not require a host cell receptor D. After infection, cell death is immediate - Correct Answer A. HIV is a retrovirus" "A student is driving to school when another driver nearly hits their car. The driver's heart begins beating harder and faster as the driver becomes aroused and scared. Which of the following stages of the general adaptation syndrome is the driver experiencing? a. Exhaustation b. Alarm stage c. Adaptation d. Resistance stage - Correct Answer b. Alarm stage" "Exhaustion occurs if stress continues and _____ is not successful. a. fight and flight b. alarm c. arousal d. adaptation - Correct Answer d. adaptation" "Which of the following hormones enhances myocardial contractility? A. Somatotropin B. Epinephrine C. Oxytocin D. Prolactin - Correct Answer B. Epinephrine" "Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways which results in hyper-responsiveness of the airways; aka, reactive airway disorder A. Acute Bronchitis B. Asthma C. COPD - Correct Answer B. Asthma" "A 10-year-old male is stung by a bee while playing in the yard. He begins itching and develops pain, swelling, redness, and respiratory difficulties. He is suffering from: - Correct Answer Anaphylactic Reaction" "The nurse recalls that immunologic reactions against transplant tissue, blood transfusions are known as - Correct Answer Alloimmunity" "A patient presents with a diffuse rash (resembling heat rash) denies anything new, but did have a course of amoxicillin ten (10) days ago. - Correct Answer Delayed Hypersensitive Reaction" "with regards to stress: Resistance/adaptation stage is the - Correct Answer second stage" "with regards to stress: Exhaustion stage is the - Correct Answer third stage" "with regards to stress: alarm stage is the - Correct Answer first stage" "Decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure upon standing; aka postural - Correct Answer Orthostatuc Hypotension" "Consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure - Correct Answer Consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure Rapidly progressive hypertension; diastolic > 140" "Rapidly progressive hypertension; diastolic > 140 - Correct Answer Malignant hypertension" "Hypertensive damage to blood vessels and tissues leading to target organ damage in the heart, kidney, brain, and eyes - Correct Answer Complicated Hypertension" "Characterized by persistent airflow limitation, loss of aveoli elasticity and usually progressive; includes emphysema A. Acute Bronchitis B. Asthma C. COPD - Correct Answer C. COPD" "Acute infection or inflammation of the airways or bronchi; commonly follows a viral illness A. Acute Bronchitis B. Asthma C. COPD - Correct Answer A. Acute Bronchitis" "Leukocytosis can be defined as: A. a high leukocyte count B. another term for leukopenia C. a low leukocyte count D. a normal leukocyte count - Correct Answer A. a high leukocyte count" "The most common cause of pulmonary edema is: A. Cancer B. Heart failure C. Asthma - Correct Answer B. Heart failure" "A 15-year-old male is diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis (IM). When the patient asks how he got this disease, how should the nurse respond? The most likely cause is: A. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). B. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) C. Toxoplasmosis D. retrovirus - Correct Answer A. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)." "A very deep breathing; may be rapid or labored breathing that is associated with diabetic ketoacidosis. A. Kussmaul B. Cheyne-Stokes - Correct Answer A. Kussmaul" "Marked by period of increasing respiration followed by periods of apnea A. Kussmaul B. Cheyne-Stokes - Correct Answer B. Cheyne-Stokes" "Which of the following is associated with gradual/slow onset and overproduction of myeloid tissue? A. AML B. CLL C. ALL D. CML - Correct Answer D. CML" "A 57-year-old male presents to his primary care provider for red face, hands, feet, ears, and headache and drowsiness. A blood smear reveals an increased number of erythrocytes, indicating: A. sideroblastic anemia. B. leukemia. C. hemosiderosis. D. polycythemia vera (PV). - Correct Answer D. polycythemia vera (PV)." "Which of the following is NOT associated with leukemia? a. Bone pain b. Fatigue c. Bleeding (Petechiae & Ecchymosis) d. Weight gain e. Fever - Correct Answer d. Weight gain" "A patient is admitted to the emergency department with a diagnosis of polycythemia vera (PV). Which treatment should the nurse discuss with the patient? A. Iron replacement therapy B. Administration of packed red blood cells C. Therapeutic phlebotomy D. Restoration of blood volume by plasma expanders - Correct Answer C. Therapeutic phlebotomy" "A 10-year-old develops pneumonia. The child reports that breathing is difficult with feelings that, "I cannot get enough air." What term should the nurse use to document this condition? A. Dyspnea B. Clubbing C. Orthopnea D. Cyanosis - Correct Answer A. Dyspnea" "The patient diagnosed with tuberculosis can transmit this disease through: A. Airborne droplets. B. Blood transfusions C. Fecal-oral route - Correct Answer A. Airborne droplets." "A 50-year-old is diagnosed with lung cancer. The health history includes a 30-year history of smoking, exposure to air pollution, asbestos, and radiation. What had the greatest impact on the development of his cancer? A. Chronic asthma B. Cigarette smoking C. Air pollution D. Frequent pneumonia - Correct Answer B. Cigarette smoking" "Known as positional; especially when lying down A. Orthopnea B. Hemptosis C. Cough - Correct Answer A. Orthopnea" "May be acute or chronic A. Orthopnea B. Hemptosis C. Cough - Correct Answer C. Cough" "The patient's sputum is stained with blood A. Orthopnea B. Hemptosis C. Cough - Correct Answer B. Hemptosis" "This is the most common lymphoma in children/teens and is marked by a very fast-growing tumor of the jaw and facial bones. A. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma B. Burkitt lymphoma. C. Hodgkin lymphoma - Correct Answer B. Burkitt lymphoma." "Microcytic-Hypochromic Anemias A. Iron Deficiency B. Aplastic or PostHemorrhagic C. Pernicious or Folate deficiency - Correct Answer A. Iron Deficiency" "Macrocytic-Normochromic Anemias A. Iron Deficiency B. Aplastic or PostHemorrhagic C. Pernicious or Folate deficiency - Correct Answer C. Pernicious or Folate deficiency" "Normocytic-Normochromic Anemias A. Iron Deficiency B. Aplastic or PostHemorrhagic C. Pernicious or Folate deficiency - Correct Answer B. Aplastic or PostHemorrhagic" "A 70-year-old hospitalized for a pelvic fracture develops a pulmonary embolism. The nurse realizes this embolus is most commonly composed of: A. Blood clot B. Amniotic fluid C. Air D. Fat - Correct Answer A. Blood clot" "A 25-year-old female has a heavy menses during which she loses a profuse amount of blood. Which of the following adaptations should the nurse expect? A. Movement of fluid into the cell B. Decreased oxygen release from hemoglobin C. Decreased cardiac output D. Peripheral vasoconstriction. - Correct Answer D. Peripheral vasoconstriction." "Inflammation of the area is often referred to as a "stomach flu" A. Gastroenteritis B. Proctitis C. Esophagitis - Correct Answer A. Gastroenteritis" "Inflammation of this area is associated with candida infections A. Gastroenteritis B. Proctitis C. Esophagitis - Correct Answer C. Esophagitis" "Inflammation of the terminal point of the canal. A. Gastroenteritis B. Proctitis C. Esophagitis - Correct Answer B. Proctitis" "Nonproductive vomiting A. Nausea B. Diarrhea C. Retching D. Anorexia - Correct Answer C. Retching" "A lack of a desire to eat despite physiologic stimuli that would normally produce hunger A. Nausea B. Diarrhea C. Retching D. Anorexia - Correct Answer D. Anorexia" "A subjective GI experience that is associated with a number of conditions A. Nausea B. Diarrhea C. Retching D. Anorexia - Correct Answer A. Nausea" "Presence of loose, watery stools A. Nausea B. Diarrhea C. Retching D. Anorexia - Correct Answer B. Diarrhea" "What are the 5 stages of bone healing (in order) - Correct Answer 1. Hematoma formation 2. Granulation tissue formation 3. Callus formation 4. Consolidation 5. Remodeling" "A 54-year-old reports vomiting blood. Tests reveal portal hypertension. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition? A. Left ventricular failure B. Renal stenosis C. Cirrhosis of the liver - Correct Answer C. Cirrhosis of the liver" "Which of the following are symptoms associated with compartment syndrome. {Select all that apply} Select one or more: a. Pulselessness b. Pallor c. Pain d. Paresthesia or Paralysis e. Poikilotherm - Correct Answer a. Pulselessness b. Pallor c. Pain d. Paresthesia or Paralysis e. Poikilotherm" "Osteoarthritis, a degenerative joint disease, is characterized by loss of: A. the epiphyses B. synovial fluid. C. articular cartilage. - Correct Answer C. articular cartilage." "A 56-year-old male was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of osteomalacia. History reveals that he underwent bariatric surgery 3 years earlier. What is the common link between the surgery and the development of osteomalacia? A. Impaired vitamin C metabolism B. Impaired phosphate absorption C. Vitamin D deficiency - Correct Answer C. Vitamin D deficiency" "A 45-year-old male complains of heartburn after eating, difficulty swallowing his food, and nocturnal regurgitation that sometimes awakes him. These symptoms support which diagnosis? Select one: A. Gastric cancer B. Hiatal hernia C. Pyloric stenosis - Correct Answer B. Hiatal hernia" "Researchers now believe that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a result of: A. a complication of Rheumatic Fever B. an autoimmune disease. C. an ineffective antiviral agent - Correct Answer B. an autoimmune disease." "Tear or injury to a ligament A. Sprain B. Strain c. Avulsion - Correct Answer A. Sprain" "Complete separation of a tendon or ligament from its bony attachment site A. Sprain B. Strain c. Avulsion - Correct Answer Avulsion" "Tearing or stretching to a tendon or muscle A. Sprain B. Strain c. Avulsion - Correct Answer B. Strain" "A patient presents to the physician with reports infrequent bowel movements and is diagnosed with functional constipation. What can be a contributing factor to this condition? (select the three that apply) Select one or more: a. Smoking b. Laxative use c. Inadequate fluid intake d. Lack of fiber in diet e. Sedentary lifestyle - Correct Answer c. Inadequate fluid intake d. Lack of fiber in diet e. Sedentary lifestyle" "Parasitic invasion and allergic reactions are most associated with? A. Neutropenia B. Eosinophlia c. Granulocytosis (Neutrophilia) - Correct Answer B. Eosinophlia" "What is the first stages of an infection or inflammation? A. Neutropenia B. Eosinophlia c. Granulocytosis (Neutrophilia) - Correct Answer c. Granulocytosis (Neutrophilia)" "What is the term for a reduction in circulating neutrophils? A. Neutropenia B. Eosinophlia c. Granulocytosis (Neutrophilia) - Correct Answer A. Neutropenia" "Pneumonia is caused by: A. Age-related lung changes B. Atelectasis C. Use of anesthetic agents D. Bacterial or viral infections. - Correct Answer D. Bacterial or viral infections." "A 35-year-old male has enlarged lymph nodes in the neck and a mediastinal mass. He was diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma. Which of the following abnormal cells would the nurse expect to find with this disease? A. Merkel cell B. Schwann cell C. Reed-Sternberg cell D. Kupffer cell - Correct Answer C. Reed-Sternberg cell" "A 54-year-old with a history of regular ETOH use who reports vomiting blood (approximately 30mLs per heave). Tests reveal portal hypertension. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition? A. Cirrhosis of the liver B. Left ventricular failure C. Renal stenosis - Correct Answer A. Cirrhosis of the liver" "When the nurse presses on the patient's umbilicus they do not complain of pain with palpation (pressing) but upon release. This is an example of ? A. Phantom Pain B. Referred Pain C. Rebound Pain - Correct Answer C. Rebound Pain" "What is the physiologic cause of peptic ulcer disease? A. Gastric erosion related to high ammonia levels and bile dysfunction B. Hereditary hormonal imbalances with high gastrin levels C. Breaks in the mucosa and presence of corrosive secretions. - Correct Answer C. Breaks in the mucosa and presence of corrosive secretions." "This is an umbrella term that captures many GI conditions A. Ulcerative Colitis B. Irritable Bowel Syndrome C. Crohn's - Correct Answer B. Irritable Bowel Syndrome" "This is a GI condition that is confined to the colon (large bowel) and only affects the top layers A. Ulcerative Colitis B. Irritable Bowel Syndrome C. Crohn's - Correct Answer A. Ulcerative Colitis" "This is a GI condition that can effect from mouth to anus A. Ulcerative Colitis B. Irritable Bowel Syndrome C. Crohn's - Correct Answer C. Crohn's" "What is the primary micro-organism responsible for osteomyelitis? A. Salmonella B. Haemophilus influenza C. Staphylococcus aureus D. E. coli - Correct Answer C. Staphylococcus aureus" "This fracture is frequently seen on children and includes partial involvement of the bones, marked by stretching of the structure (the skin is INTACT). A. Open Fracture B. Greenstick Fracture C. Stress Fracture - Correct Answer B. Greenstick Fracture" "A 19-year-old presents with abdominal pain in the right lower quadrant and anorexia. Physical examination reveals rebound tenderness and a low-grade fever. A possible diagnosis would be: A. Hepatitis B. Colon cancer C. Appendicitis - Correct Answer C. Appendicitis" "These three ulcers (ischemic, Curling's and Cushing's) are related because they are all caused by? A. Diet and lack of exercise B. H. pylori infection C. Stress - Correct Answer C. Stress" "A patient is diagnosed with renal calculus that is causing a urinary obstruction. Which symptoms would be most likely experienced? A. Flank pain B. Anuria C. Pyuria D. Hematuria - Correct Answer A. Flank pain" "A 75-year-old reports loss of urine with cough, sneezing, or laughing. These symptoms support which diagnosis? A. Stress incontinence B. Overflow incontinence C. Urge incontinence - Correct Answer A. Stress incontinence" "A 35-year-old who was severely burned is now demonstrating symptomology associated with acute tubular necrosis (ATN). Which form of renal failure is this patient experiencing? A. Prerenal B. Intrarenal C. Postrenal - Correct Answer B. Intrarenal" "Marked by hematuria with RBC casts, mild proteinuria and iImmune injury A. Nephrotic Syndrome B. Chronic Renal Disease C. Acute Renal Injury (AKI) - Correct Answer A. Nephrotic Syndrome" "Progressive loss of renal function that affects nearly all organ systems A. Nephrotic Syndrome B. Chronic Renal Disease C. Acute Renal Injury (AKI) - Correct Answer B. Chronic Renal Disease" "Renal insufficiency, renal failure and end-stage renal failure (ESRF) are examples of A. Nephrotic Syndrome B. Chronic Renal Disease C. Acute Renal Injury (AKI) - Correct Answer C. Acute Renal Injury (AKI)" "Which of the following is not indicated in the treatment of kidney stones? A. Decrease intake of stone forming substances B. Laxatives C. Adequate fluid intake D. Stone removal - Correct Answer Laxatives" "Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is marked by a GFR below: - Correct Answer 90" "Overactive bladder syndrome (OBS) is marked by all of the following except: Select one or more: a. Urgency b. Nocturia c. Discharge d. Urinary itch e. Frequency - Correct Answer c. Discharge d. Urinary itch" "The nurse is doing client teaching to a patient with chronic kidney failure. The nurse should reinforce that the client should restrict which of the following in his/her diet? A. Sugar(s) B. Fruits/Vegatables C. Protein D. Carbohydrates - Correct Answer C. Protein" "A 29-year-old female presents with cloudy rank urine, perineum pain, and mild hematuria. These signs and symptoms support which diagnosis? A. glomerulernephritis B. pylenophritis C. cystitits D. renal failure - Correct Answer C. cystitits" "Nociception A. Perception of pain B. Perception of pain C. Positon of digit D. Conduction to dorsal horn and up spinal cord - Correct Answer A. Perception of pain" "Transduction A. Perception of pain B. Perception of pain C. Positon of digit D. Conduction to dorsal horn and up spinal cord - Correct Answer A. Perception of pain" "Proprioception A. Perception of pain B. Perception of pain C. Positon of digit D. Conduction to dorsal horn and up spinal cord - Correct Answer C. Positon of digit" "Transmission A. Perception of pain B. Perception of pain C. Positon of digit D. Conduction to dorsal horn and up spinal cord - Correct Answer D. Conduction to dorsal horn and up spinal cord" "A patient scrapes both knees while playing soccer and reports sharp and well-localized pain. Which of the following should the nurse document to most accurately characterize the pain? A. Somatic pain B. Chronic pain C. Visceral pain D. Referred pain - Correct Answer A. Somatic pain" "A nurse should document on the chart that chronic pain is occurring when the patient reports the pain has lasted longer than: A. 1 month B. 2-3 years C. 3-6 months D. 1 year - Correct Answer C. 3-6 months" "Hikers are attempting to cross the Arizona desert with a small supply of water. The temperatures cause them to sweat profusely and become dehydrated. The hikers are experiencing: A. Heat cramps B. Heat exhaustion C. Heat stroke - Correct Answer B. Heat exhaustion" "Which of the following is not risk factor for developing Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS)? A. Female B. Obesity C. Older age D. Postmenopausal - Correct Answer A. Female" "The nurse is taking a history on a patient with chief complaint of headache. This particular headache was proceeded by an aura, a flash of light; most likely this is a: A. Tension headache B. Stress headache C. Migraine headache - Correct Answer C. Migraine headache" "Neurological dysfunction lasting less than 1 hour ordinarily as a result of an ischemic event A. Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs) B. Ischemia (Thrombotic, embolic) C. Hemorrhagic - Correct Answer A. Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs)" "CVA as a result of hypo-profusion, ischemia to a region of the brain A. Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs) B. Ischemia (Thrombotic, embolic) C. Hemorrhagic - Correct Answer B. Ischemia (Thrombotic, embolic)" "CVA as a result of bleeding into the brain tissue A. Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs) B. Ischemia (Thrombotic, embolic) C. Hemorrhagic - Correct Answer C. Hemorrhagic" "Acquired inflammatory disease causing demyelination of the peripheral nerves; of acute onset with ascending motor paralysis A. Guillain-Barre syndrome B. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis C. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) D. Myasthenia gravis - Correct Answer A. Guillain-Barre syndrome" "This is a nervous system disease that attacks the neurons in your brain and spinal cord. Voluntary muscle movement is affected in the arms and legs, eventually leading to respiratory paralysis and death. A. Guillain-Barre syndrome B. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis C. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) D. Myasthenia gravis - Correct Answer B. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis" "Acquired autoimmune; this is a progressive, inflammatory, demyelinating disorder of the CNS A. Guillain-Barre syndrome B. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis C. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) D. Myasthenia gravis - Correct Answer C. Multiple Sclerosis (MS)" "Acquired chronic autoimmune disease; marked by an IgG antibody is produced against acetylcholine receptors A. Guillain-Barre syndrome B. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis C. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) D. Myasthenia gravis - Correct Answer D. Myasthenia gravis" "A 25-year-old female is diagnosed with a urinary tract infection. When the nurse checks the culture results, which of the following organisms is most likely infecting her urinary tract? A. E. coli B. Chlamydia C. Streptococcus - Correct Answer A. E. coli" "A 30-year-old male is demonstrating hematuria with red blood cell casts and proteinuria exceeding 3-5 grams per day, with albumin being the major protein. The most probable diagnosis the nurse will see documented on the chart is: A. glomerulonephritis B. pyelonephritis C. cystitis - Correct Answer A. glomerulonephritis"