PN 4004 ADVANCED CLINICAL CONCEPTS - 300 ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS COVERING FUNDAMENTALS, MEDICAL-SURGICAL, PHARMACOLOGY,
MENTAL HEALTH, PEDIATRIC, AND MATERNAL-NEWBORN NURSING FOR
LICENSURE EXAMINATION PREPARATION AND CLINICAL PRACTICE SUCCESS
1. Q: What are the five basic human needs according to Maslow's
hierarchy? ANSWER Physiological, safety and security, love and belonging,
self-esteem, and self-actualization.
2. Q: What is the normal range for adult blood pressure? ANSWER
Systolic: 90-120 mmHg, Diastolic: 60-80 mmHg.
3. Q: What are the vital signs that must be monitored in patients?
ANSWER Temperature, pulse, respirations, blood pressure, and oxygen
saturation.
4. Q: What is the normal respiratory rate for adults? ANSWER 12-20
breaths per minute.
5. Q: What is the normal heart rate for adults? ANSWER 60-100 beats per
minute.
6. Q: What are the standard precautions in infection control? ANSWER
Hand hygiene, use of PPE, safe injection practices, safe handling of
contaminated equipment, and respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette.
7. Q: What is the proper sequence for donning PPE? ANSWER Hand
hygiene, gown, mask/respirator, eyewear, gloves.
8. Q: What is the proper sequence for doffing PPE? ANSWER Gloves,
eyewear, gown, mask/respirator, hand hygiene.
9. Q: What are the signs of infection? ANSWER Fever, increased white
blood cell count, redness, swelling, heat, pain, and purulent drainage.
10. Q: What is the normal body temperature range? ANSWER 97.8°F to
99.1°F (36.5°C to 37.3°C).
11. Q: What are the components of a nursing assessment? ANSWER
Health history, physical examination, diagnostic tests, and psychosocial
assessment.
,12. Q: What is the nursing process? ANSWER Assessment, nursing
diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation (ADPIE).
13. Q: What are the rights of medication administration? ANSWER Right
patient, right medication, right dose, right route, right time, right documentation,
right reason, right response, and right to refuse.
14. Q: What is the normal range for oxygen saturation? ANSWER 95-
100%.
15. Q: What are the types of isolation precautions? ANSWER Contact,
droplet, airborne, and protective isolation.
16. Q: What is the difference between subjective and objective data?
ANSWER Subjective data is what the patient reports (symptoms), objective
data is what the nurse observes (signs).
17. Q: What are the stages of pressure ulcers? ANSWER Stage I (non-
blanchable erythema), Stage II (partial thickness), Stage III (full thickness),
Stage IV (full thickness with bone/tendon exposure), unstageable, and deep
tissue injury.
18. Q: What is the Braden Scale used for? ANSWER To assess pressure
ulcer risk based on sensory perception, moisture, activity, mobility, nutrition,
and friction/shear.
19. Q: What are the principles of body mechanics? ANSWER Wide base of
support, bend at knees and hips, keep load close to body, avoid twisting, and use
leg muscles.
20. Q: What is the purpose of turning and positioning patients? ANSWER
To prevent pressure ulcers, maintain joint mobility, promote circulation, and
prevent contractures.
21. Q: What are the common sites for pressure ulcers? ANSWER Sacrum,
heels, elbows, back of head, shoulders, and any bony prominence.
22. Q: What is the normal urine output for adults? ANSWER 30 mL/hour
or 0.5-1 mL/kg/hour.
23. Q: What are the signs of dehydration? ANSWER Dry mucous
membranes, decreased skin turgor, concentrated urine, decreased urine output,
and increased thirst.
24. Q: What are the signs of fluid overload? ANSWER Edema, weight gain,
increased blood pressure, crackles in lungs, and shortness of breath.
, 25. Q: What is the normal range for serum sodium? ANSWER 135-145
mEq/L.
26. Q: What is the normal range for serum potassium? ANSWER 3.5-5.0
mEq/L.
27. Q: What are the signs of hyperkalemia? ANSWER Muscle weakness,
cardiac arrhythmias, and peaked T waves on EKG.
28. Q: What are the signs of hypokalemia? ANSWER Muscle weakness,
fatigue, cardiac arrhythmias, and flattened T waves on EKG.
29. Q: What is the purpose of fall risk assessment? ANSWER To identify
patients at risk for falls and implement preventive measures.
30. Q: What are common fall risk factors? ANSWER Age over 65, history
of falls, medications, cognitive impairment, mobility issues, and environmental
hazards.
31. Q: What is the proper technique for handwashing? ANSWER Wet
hands, apply soap, rub for 20 seconds, rinse, and dry with clean towel.
32. Q: When should alcohol-based hand rub not be used? ANSWER When
hands are visibly soiled, after caring for patients with C. difficile, and when
caring for patients with norovirus.
33. Q: What are the components of pain assessment? ANSWER Location,
quality, intensity, timing, aggravating/alleviating factors, and associated
symptoms.
34. Q: What is the Wong-Baker FACES pain scale used for? ANSWER To
assess pain in children and adults who cannot verbally communicate their pain
level.
35. Q: What are non-pharmacological pain management techniques?
ANSWER Heat/cold therapy, positioning, massage, distraction, relaxation
techniques, and guided imagery.
36. Q: What is the difference between acute and chronic pain? ANSWER
Acute pain is sudden onset, short duration, and serves a protective purpose.
Chronic pain persists beyond normal healing time.
37. Q: What are the ethical principles in nursing? ANSWER Autonomy,
beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, veracity, and fidelity.
38. Q: What is informed consent? ANSWER The patient's right to receive
information about treatments and make decisions about their care.
ANSWERS COVERING FUNDAMENTALS, MEDICAL-SURGICAL, PHARMACOLOGY,
MENTAL HEALTH, PEDIATRIC, AND MATERNAL-NEWBORN NURSING FOR
LICENSURE EXAMINATION PREPARATION AND CLINICAL PRACTICE SUCCESS
1. Q: What are the five basic human needs according to Maslow's
hierarchy? ANSWER Physiological, safety and security, love and belonging,
self-esteem, and self-actualization.
2. Q: What is the normal range for adult blood pressure? ANSWER
Systolic: 90-120 mmHg, Diastolic: 60-80 mmHg.
3. Q: What are the vital signs that must be monitored in patients?
ANSWER Temperature, pulse, respirations, blood pressure, and oxygen
saturation.
4. Q: What is the normal respiratory rate for adults? ANSWER 12-20
breaths per minute.
5. Q: What is the normal heart rate for adults? ANSWER 60-100 beats per
minute.
6. Q: What are the standard precautions in infection control? ANSWER
Hand hygiene, use of PPE, safe injection practices, safe handling of
contaminated equipment, and respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette.
7. Q: What is the proper sequence for donning PPE? ANSWER Hand
hygiene, gown, mask/respirator, eyewear, gloves.
8. Q: What is the proper sequence for doffing PPE? ANSWER Gloves,
eyewear, gown, mask/respirator, hand hygiene.
9. Q: What are the signs of infection? ANSWER Fever, increased white
blood cell count, redness, swelling, heat, pain, and purulent drainage.
10. Q: What is the normal body temperature range? ANSWER 97.8°F to
99.1°F (36.5°C to 37.3°C).
11. Q: What are the components of a nursing assessment? ANSWER
Health history, physical examination, diagnostic tests, and psychosocial
assessment.
,12. Q: What is the nursing process? ANSWER Assessment, nursing
diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation (ADPIE).
13. Q: What are the rights of medication administration? ANSWER Right
patient, right medication, right dose, right route, right time, right documentation,
right reason, right response, and right to refuse.
14. Q: What is the normal range for oxygen saturation? ANSWER 95-
100%.
15. Q: What are the types of isolation precautions? ANSWER Contact,
droplet, airborne, and protective isolation.
16. Q: What is the difference between subjective and objective data?
ANSWER Subjective data is what the patient reports (symptoms), objective
data is what the nurse observes (signs).
17. Q: What are the stages of pressure ulcers? ANSWER Stage I (non-
blanchable erythema), Stage II (partial thickness), Stage III (full thickness),
Stage IV (full thickness with bone/tendon exposure), unstageable, and deep
tissue injury.
18. Q: What is the Braden Scale used for? ANSWER To assess pressure
ulcer risk based on sensory perception, moisture, activity, mobility, nutrition,
and friction/shear.
19. Q: What are the principles of body mechanics? ANSWER Wide base of
support, bend at knees and hips, keep load close to body, avoid twisting, and use
leg muscles.
20. Q: What is the purpose of turning and positioning patients? ANSWER
To prevent pressure ulcers, maintain joint mobility, promote circulation, and
prevent contractures.
21. Q: What are the common sites for pressure ulcers? ANSWER Sacrum,
heels, elbows, back of head, shoulders, and any bony prominence.
22. Q: What is the normal urine output for adults? ANSWER 30 mL/hour
or 0.5-1 mL/kg/hour.
23. Q: What are the signs of dehydration? ANSWER Dry mucous
membranes, decreased skin turgor, concentrated urine, decreased urine output,
and increased thirst.
24. Q: What are the signs of fluid overload? ANSWER Edema, weight gain,
increased blood pressure, crackles in lungs, and shortness of breath.
, 25. Q: What is the normal range for serum sodium? ANSWER 135-145
mEq/L.
26. Q: What is the normal range for serum potassium? ANSWER 3.5-5.0
mEq/L.
27. Q: What are the signs of hyperkalemia? ANSWER Muscle weakness,
cardiac arrhythmias, and peaked T waves on EKG.
28. Q: What are the signs of hypokalemia? ANSWER Muscle weakness,
fatigue, cardiac arrhythmias, and flattened T waves on EKG.
29. Q: What is the purpose of fall risk assessment? ANSWER To identify
patients at risk for falls and implement preventive measures.
30. Q: What are common fall risk factors? ANSWER Age over 65, history
of falls, medications, cognitive impairment, mobility issues, and environmental
hazards.
31. Q: What is the proper technique for handwashing? ANSWER Wet
hands, apply soap, rub for 20 seconds, rinse, and dry with clean towel.
32. Q: When should alcohol-based hand rub not be used? ANSWER When
hands are visibly soiled, after caring for patients with C. difficile, and when
caring for patients with norovirus.
33. Q: What are the components of pain assessment? ANSWER Location,
quality, intensity, timing, aggravating/alleviating factors, and associated
symptoms.
34. Q: What is the Wong-Baker FACES pain scale used for? ANSWER To
assess pain in children and adults who cannot verbally communicate their pain
level.
35. Q: What are non-pharmacological pain management techniques?
ANSWER Heat/cold therapy, positioning, massage, distraction, relaxation
techniques, and guided imagery.
36. Q: What is the difference between acute and chronic pain? ANSWER
Acute pain is sudden onset, short duration, and serves a protective purpose.
Chronic pain persists beyond normal healing time.
37. Q: What are the ethical principles in nursing? ANSWER Autonomy,
beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, veracity, and fidelity.
38. Q: What is informed consent? ANSWER The patient's right to receive
information about treatments and make decisions about their care.
