WSU Bio 140 Final Exam 3 Test
Questions and All Correct Answers
2025-2026 Updated.
Proteins - Answer Nitrogen-containing macronutrients made from amino acids linked together
via peptide bonds
Structure of Amino Acids - Answer -central carbon bonded to hydrogen atom
-nitrogen-containing amino group
-carboxylic acid group
-R group which determines amino acid
Essential Amino Acids - Answer The 9 amino acids that MUST be obtained by diet
Non-Essential Amino Acids - Answer The 5 amino acids that DO NOT need to be obtained from
diet
Conditionally Essential Amino Acids - Answer The 6 amino acids that SOME will need to get
from diet
Phenylketonuria (PKU) - Answer Caused from the lack of enzyme phenylalanine hydoxylase
that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine therefore tyrosine is conditionally essential
Complete Protein Food - Answer Contains adequate amounts of all essential amino acids
Example: meat, poultry, eggs
Incomplete Protein Food - Answer Low amounts of 1 or more of the essential amino acids
Example: plants
Limiting Amino Acids - Answer Amino acids missing or in low amounts
Example: corn
, Steps to Protein Synthesis - Answer 1. Cell signaling
2. Transcription
3. Translation
Cell Signaling in Protein Synthesis - Answer Cell receives a signal that tells it to make or not
make a particular protein
Up regulation: "turning on" protein synthesis
Down regulation: "turning off" protein synthesis
Transcription in Protein Synthesis - Answer Occurs in nucleus involving the genes that make up
chromosomes; the process of transforming the information in a gene into a protein. Synthesis of
mRNA strand
Translation in Protein Synthesis - Answer Occurs in cytoplasm; mRNA moves into cytoplasm
and binds to ribosome. Causes the tRNA to translate mRNA into correct sequence and amino
acids join together by peptide bonds
Primary Structure of a Protein - Answer Sequence of amino acids, determines the chemical
and physical characteristics
Sickle Cell Anemia - Answer Disease whereby a small alteration in the DNA results in the
production of defective, misshapen molecules of the protein hemoglobin within red blood cells
Secondary Structure of a Protein - Answer The folding of a protein because of hydrogen bonds
that form between elements of amino acid backbone. usually α-helix or β-folded sheets
α-helix - Answer Folding pattern; resembles shape of spiral staircase
β-folded sheets - Answer Folding pattern; resembles shape of folded paper fan
Tertiary Structure of a Protein - Answer The additional folding because of interactions
between R-groups
Quaternary Structure - Answer 2 or more polypeptide chains coming together to form a final
Questions and All Correct Answers
2025-2026 Updated.
Proteins - Answer Nitrogen-containing macronutrients made from amino acids linked together
via peptide bonds
Structure of Amino Acids - Answer -central carbon bonded to hydrogen atom
-nitrogen-containing amino group
-carboxylic acid group
-R group which determines amino acid
Essential Amino Acids - Answer The 9 amino acids that MUST be obtained by diet
Non-Essential Amino Acids - Answer The 5 amino acids that DO NOT need to be obtained from
diet
Conditionally Essential Amino Acids - Answer The 6 amino acids that SOME will need to get
from diet
Phenylketonuria (PKU) - Answer Caused from the lack of enzyme phenylalanine hydoxylase
that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine therefore tyrosine is conditionally essential
Complete Protein Food - Answer Contains adequate amounts of all essential amino acids
Example: meat, poultry, eggs
Incomplete Protein Food - Answer Low amounts of 1 or more of the essential amino acids
Example: plants
Limiting Amino Acids - Answer Amino acids missing or in low amounts
Example: corn
, Steps to Protein Synthesis - Answer 1. Cell signaling
2. Transcription
3. Translation
Cell Signaling in Protein Synthesis - Answer Cell receives a signal that tells it to make or not
make a particular protein
Up regulation: "turning on" protein synthesis
Down regulation: "turning off" protein synthesis
Transcription in Protein Synthesis - Answer Occurs in nucleus involving the genes that make up
chromosomes; the process of transforming the information in a gene into a protein. Synthesis of
mRNA strand
Translation in Protein Synthesis - Answer Occurs in cytoplasm; mRNA moves into cytoplasm
and binds to ribosome. Causes the tRNA to translate mRNA into correct sequence and amino
acids join together by peptide bonds
Primary Structure of a Protein - Answer Sequence of amino acids, determines the chemical
and physical characteristics
Sickle Cell Anemia - Answer Disease whereby a small alteration in the DNA results in the
production of defective, misshapen molecules of the protein hemoglobin within red blood cells
Secondary Structure of a Protein - Answer The folding of a protein because of hydrogen bonds
that form between elements of amino acid backbone. usually α-helix or β-folded sheets
α-helix - Answer Folding pattern; resembles shape of spiral staircase
β-folded sheets - Answer Folding pattern; resembles shape of folded paper fan
Tertiary Structure of a Protein - Answer The additional folding because of interactions
between R-groups
Quaternary Structure - Answer 2 or more polypeptide chains coming together to form a final
