1
,Contents
2 Contents
3 Military dictatorship - Pinochet, Chile
3 Allende
5 Pinochet rise
6 Pinochet policies and opposition
7 Populist 1 - Peron, Argentina
7 Rise to power and legitimacy
8 Policies, successes/failures
9 Treatment of opposition
10 Fall
11 Populist 2 - Vargas, Brazil
11 Rise to power and legitimacy
12 Policies, successes/failures
15 Treatment of opposition
15 Democracy in crisis
15 Reasons for the failure of elected leaders
17 Cuban Revolution
17 Background
18 Political causes
19 Social causes
20 Economic causes
20 Rule of Castro
20 Cuban nationalism
20 Social and Cultural Policies
21 Opposition
21 Castro success/failure
23 Impact
24 Liberation Theology
24 Origins
25 Growth
25 Impact
2
, Military dictatorship - Chile, Pinochet
1 Allende
● Context/rise
● Policies
○ Problems
■ His coalition suffered from internal divisions - some favoured an armed
struggle to socialism, feeling Allende was proceeding too slowly. But
when he started to accelerate land redistribution, his more moderate
support disliked it.
■ Increased gov control over media and education alienated the Chilean
middle class as did a long and greatly publicized visit by Castro in
1971 Nov.
■ Economic problems - copper exports were crucial and prices were
falling. Americans blocked credits and loans to Chile and Allende
made it worse by printing more money and inflation rose to 300%, but
felt he couldn’t cut back public spending and wages because of his
Marxism. Stores ran out of everyday items and women took to the
streets in 1971 in ‘the march of the empty pots’, protesting against
prices and scarcities by banging kitchen pots and pans.
○ Cold war effect
■ Chile was able to reflect global realignments of the Cold War world -
divided into the left, centre, right.
■ 1964 election - PDC received nearly half of its campaign funds for
centrist Frei from US and European sources. Also, because the
election was right after the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962, the right began
to focus on the stark terms of communism vs liberty and dictatorship
vs democracy, illustrating the entire cold war landscape.
● There was a difficult game to play with being liberal/socialist
enough to appease the equality-seeking citizens, and not
being too communist to still receive US funds and be
pro-American.
■ But, in this, Frei was not achieving the liberal promises (Chileanization
of the mines) and the country elected Allende, on the left. Frei had
been unsuccessful in finding a middle position between capitalism and
communism.
● Overthrow
○ Allende had won the 3-way election with 36% of the vote. The two
conservative losers had garnered 63% of the vote between them and were
now more or less united in opposition to the Popular Unity government.
Moreover, they found a powerful ally in the CIA which pumped money into the
opposition which was determined that Allende be overthrown by a coup, and
the US State Department used all its leverage to cut off international credit to
Allende’s government. Allende imposed price freezes and wage increases to
raise the living standards of the Chilean poor, but inflation soared into the
triple digits.
○ Workers moved directly to take over factories that the government had been
slow to nationalize but Allende insisted on working within constitutional
restraints. His expropriation of the copper industry had been widely popular,
3
,Contents
2 Contents
3 Military dictatorship - Pinochet, Chile
3 Allende
5 Pinochet rise
6 Pinochet policies and opposition
7 Populist 1 - Peron, Argentina
7 Rise to power and legitimacy
8 Policies, successes/failures
9 Treatment of opposition
10 Fall
11 Populist 2 - Vargas, Brazil
11 Rise to power and legitimacy
12 Policies, successes/failures
15 Treatment of opposition
15 Democracy in crisis
15 Reasons for the failure of elected leaders
17 Cuban Revolution
17 Background
18 Political causes
19 Social causes
20 Economic causes
20 Rule of Castro
20 Cuban nationalism
20 Social and Cultural Policies
21 Opposition
21 Castro success/failure
23 Impact
24 Liberation Theology
24 Origins
25 Growth
25 Impact
2
, Military dictatorship - Chile, Pinochet
1 Allende
● Context/rise
● Policies
○ Problems
■ His coalition suffered from internal divisions - some favoured an armed
struggle to socialism, feeling Allende was proceeding too slowly. But
when he started to accelerate land redistribution, his more moderate
support disliked it.
■ Increased gov control over media and education alienated the Chilean
middle class as did a long and greatly publicized visit by Castro in
1971 Nov.
■ Economic problems - copper exports were crucial and prices were
falling. Americans blocked credits and loans to Chile and Allende
made it worse by printing more money and inflation rose to 300%, but
felt he couldn’t cut back public spending and wages because of his
Marxism. Stores ran out of everyday items and women took to the
streets in 1971 in ‘the march of the empty pots’, protesting against
prices and scarcities by banging kitchen pots and pans.
○ Cold war effect
■ Chile was able to reflect global realignments of the Cold War world -
divided into the left, centre, right.
■ 1964 election - PDC received nearly half of its campaign funds for
centrist Frei from US and European sources. Also, because the
election was right after the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962, the right began
to focus on the stark terms of communism vs liberty and dictatorship
vs democracy, illustrating the entire cold war landscape.
● There was a difficult game to play with being liberal/socialist
enough to appease the equality-seeking citizens, and not
being too communist to still receive US funds and be
pro-American.
■ But, in this, Frei was not achieving the liberal promises (Chileanization
of the mines) and the country elected Allende, on the left. Frei had
been unsuccessful in finding a middle position between capitalism and
communism.
● Overthrow
○ Allende had won the 3-way election with 36% of the vote. The two
conservative losers had garnered 63% of the vote between them and were
now more or less united in opposition to the Popular Unity government.
Moreover, they found a powerful ally in the CIA which pumped money into the
opposition which was determined that Allende be overthrown by a coup, and
the US State Department used all its leverage to cut off international credit to
Allende’s government. Allende imposed price freezes and wage increases to
raise the living standards of the Chilean poor, but inflation soared into the
triple digits.
○ Workers moved directly to take over factories that the government had been
slow to nationalize but Allende insisted on working within constitutional
restraints. His expropriation of the copper industry had been widely popular,
3
