Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 2
Questions With New Update Solutions
/. Inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining (may involve the entire stomach or a
region) - Answer-Gastritis
/._________Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe ulceration with
hemorrhage - Answer-Acute Gastritis
/._________ Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by nausea and
epigastric pain - Answer-Acute Gastritis
/._________ Gastritis develops gradually. - Answer-Chronic Gastritis
/.Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive - Answer-Chronic
Gastritis
/.Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial discomfort, and
hematemesis. - Answer-Acute Gastritis
/.Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull epigastric pain
and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake. - Answer-Chronic Gastritis
/.Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an infection or allergic
reaction - Answer-Gastroenteritis
/.Usually due to primary inflammatory disease such as crohns disease - Answer-Chronic
Gastroenteritis
/.Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from raw or undercooked chicken
or eggs - Answer-Acute Gastroenteritis
/.Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea, and vomiting -
Answer-Gastroenteritis
/.Most common cause of chronic gastritis - Answer-Helicobacter pylori
/.Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and enzymes that cause
inflammation. Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors (smoking and stress) may
increase the susceptibility - Answer-Helicobacter pylori
,/.Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water contamination, long-
term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, excessive alcohol use, severe stress,
autoimmune conditions, and other chronic disease - Answer-Gastritis
/.Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage - Answer-Chronic
Gastritis
/.Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain, abdominal
cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and malaise. Hematemesis and dark, tarry
stools can indicate ulceration and bleeding. - Answer-Gastritis
/.Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus. Bile can also back
up into the esophagus. - Answer-GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
/.These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa - Answer-GERD
(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
/.Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated beverages, citrus fruit,
tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and peppermint), alcohol consumption, nicotine, hiatal
hernia, obesity, pregnancy, certain medications (e.g., corticosteroids, beta blockers,
calcium-channel blockers, and anticholinergics), nasogastric intubation, and delayed
gastric emptying - Answer-GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
/.Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or when
recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis, regurgitation of food, and
sensation of a lump in the throat. - Answer-GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
/.Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal cancer, and chronic
pulmonary disease - Answer-GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
/.Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac disease - Answer-
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
/.Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum - Answer-Peptic Ulcer
Disease (PUD)
/.Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use
(NSAIDs), H. pylori infections, certain gastric tumors, and those for GERD. - Answer-
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
/.Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration through the GI tract
wall. Develops because of an imbalance between destructive forces and protective
mechanisms - Answer-Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
/.Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) - Answer-Duodenal Ulcers
Gastric Ulcers
, Stress Ulcers
/.Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori infections. Typically
present with epigastric pain that is relieved in the presence of food - Answer-Duodenal
ulcers
/.Less frequent but more deadly. Typically associated with malignancy and nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs. Pain typically worsens with eating. - Answer-Gastric Ulcers
/.Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the body due to local tissue
ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering the stomach, and decreased GI motility. -
Answer-Stress ulcers
/.Stress ulcers associated with burns - Answer-Curling's ulcers
/.Stress ulcers associated with head injuries - Answer-Cushing's ulcers
/.Most frequently develop in the stomach; multiple ulcers can form within hours of the
precipitating event. - Answer-Stress ulcers
/.Often hemorrhage is the first indicator because the ulcer develops rapidly and tends to
be masked by the primary problem - Answer-Stress ulcer
/.Complications of?: GI hemorrhage, obstruction, perforation, and peritonitis - Answer-
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
/.Manifestations of?: epigastric or abdominal pain, abdominal cramping, heartburn,
indigestion, nausea, and vomiting - Answer-Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
/.Acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine; it affects the mucosa and
sometimes other layers - Answer-Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
/.Causes of?: Exposure to antibiotics, patients with cancer, or post abdominal surgery
susceptible, mediated by bacterial toxins - Answer-Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
/.Manifestations of?: Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis -
Answer-Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
/.Inflammation of the vermiform appendix. Most often caused by an infection. Triggers
local tissue edema, which obstructs the small structure. As fluid builds inside the
appendix, microorganisms proliferate - Answer-Appendicitis
/.The appendix fills with purulent exudate and area blood vessels become compressed -
Answer-Appendicitis
Questions With New Update Solutions
/. Inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining (may involve the entire stomach or a
region) - Answer-Gastritis
/._________Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe ulceration with
hemorrhage - Answer-Acute Gastritis
/._________ Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by nausea and
epigastric pain - Answer-Acute Gastritis
/._________ Gastritis develops gradually. - Answer-Chronic Gastritis
/.Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive - Answer-Chronic
Gastritis
/.Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial discomfort, and
hematemesis. - Answer-Acute Gastritis
/.Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull epigastric pain
and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake. - Answer-Chronic Gastritis
/.Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an infection or allergic
reaction - Answer-Gastroenteritis
/.Usually due to primary inflammatory disease such as crohns disease - Answer-Chronic
Gastroenteritis
/.Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from raw or undercooked chicken
or eggs - Answer-Acute Gastroenteritis
/.Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea, and vomiting -
Answer-Gastroenteritis
/.Most common cause of chronic gastritis - Answer-Helicobacter pylori
/.Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and enzymes that cause
inflammation. Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors (smoking and stress) may
increase the susceptibility - Answer-Helicobacter pylori
,/.Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water contamination, long-
term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, excessive alcohol use, severe stress,
autoimmune conditions, and other chronic disease - Answer-Gastritis
/.Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage - Answer-Chronic
Gastritis
/.Manifestations of?: Include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain, abdominal
cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, and malaise. Hematemesis and dark, tarry
stools can indicate ulceration and bleeding. - Answer-Gastritis
/.Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus. Bile can also back
up into the esophagus. - Answer-GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
/.These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa - Answer-GERD
(Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
/.Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated beverages, citrus fruit,
tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and peppermint), alcohol consumption, nicotine, hiatal
hernia, obesity, pregnancy, certain medications (e.g., corticosteroids, beta blockers,
calcium-channel blockers, and anticholinergics), nasogastric intubation, and delayed
gastric emptying - Answer-GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
/.Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or when
recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis, regurgitation of food, and
sensation of a lump in the throat. - Answer-GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
/.Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal cancer, and chronic
pulmonary disease - Answer-GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
/.Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac disease - Answer-
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
/.Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum - Answer-Peptic Ulcer
Disease (PUD)
/.Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use
(NSAIDs), H. pylori infections, certain gastric tumors, and those for GERD. - Answer-
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
/.Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration through the GI tract
wall. Develops because of an imbalance between destructive forces and protective
mechanisms - Answer-Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
/.Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) - Answer-Duodenal Ulcers
Gastric Ulcers
, Stress Ulcers
/.Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori infections. Typically
present with epigastric pain that is relieved in the presence of food - Answer-Duodenal
ulcers
/.Less frequent but more deadly. Typically associated with malignancy and nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs. Pain typically worsens with eating. - Answer-Gastric Ulcers
/.Develop because of a major physiological stressor on the body due to local tissue
ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering the stomach, and decreased GI motility. -
Answer-Stress ulcers
/.Stress ulcers associated with burns - Answer-Curling's ulcers
/.Stress ulcers associated with head injuries - Answer-Cushing's ulcers
/.Most frequently develop in the stomach; multiple ulcers can form within hours of the
precipitating event. - Answer-Stress ulcers
/.Often hemorrhage is the first indicator because the ulcer develops rapidly and tends to
be masked by the primary problem - Answer-Stress ulcer
/.Complications of?: GI hemorrhage, obstruction, perforation, and peritonitis - Answer-
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
/.Manifestations of?: epigastric or abdominal pain, abdominal cramping, heartburn,
indigestion, nausea, and vomiting - Answer-Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
/.Acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine; it affects the mucosa and
sometimes other layers - Answer-Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
/.Causes of?: Exposure to antibiotics, patients with cancer, or post abdominal surgery
susceptible, mediated by bacterial toxins - Answer-Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
/.Manifestations of?: Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis -
Answer-Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Diff)
/.Inflammation of the vermiform appendix. Most often caused by an infection. Triggers
local tissue edema, which obstructs the small structure. As fluid builds inside the
appendix, microorganisms proliferate - Answer-Appendicitis
/.The appendix fills with purulent exudate and area blood vessels become compressed -
Answer-Appendicitis
