Maritime Operations and
management
Inhoud
Les 1.......................................................................................................................................................2
Cargo characteristics..........................................................................................................................2
........................................................................................................................................................2
General cargo.....................................................................................................................................2
Bulk cargo...........................................................................................................................................3
Liqud bulk.......................................................................................................................................3
Bulk cargo dry.................................................................................................................................3
Special cargo.......................................................................................................................................4
Special cargo conditioned...............................................................................................................4
Special cargo dangerous.................................................................................................................4
Special cargo RO/RO.......................................................................................................................5
Special cargo heavy........................................................................................................................5
Special cargo high value..................................................................................................................5
Containers cargo.................................................................................................................................5
Handling equipment...............................................................................................................................5
containers.......................................................................................................................................5
Special cargo...................................................................................................................................6
Cargo services.....................................................................................................................................6
Sampling.........................................................................................................................................6
Packaging:.......................................................................................................................................6
Lashing and securing.......................................................................................................................6
Ship stability...........................................................................................................................................6
............................................................................................................................................................7
Les 2- from ship to shore......................................................................................................................10
Les three – innovation..........................................................................................................................14
Ship technology....................................................................................................................................16
Engine...............................................................................................................................................16
Fuel types.........................................................................................................................................17
Rules and regulation.........................................................................................................................18
Voyage planning and estimating..........................................................................................................20
1
, Cargo:...............................................................................................................................................20
Inland shipping.....................................................................................................................................22
Voyage planning...............................................................................................................................24
Safety and security in shipping.............................................................................................................24
Les 1
Cargo characteristics
Figure 1 Cargo characteristics
General cargo
Breakbulk
Conventional
Man handled, therefore maximum size and weight
Loose cargo or packed units
Unitised but not standardized
Labour intensive and you need knowledge: difficult to handle or lots of manhandling
Relatively expensive to handle
Breakbulk examples sacks of coffee beans
Neobulk
(Big and heavy) units of single commodity
Handling depend on lifting equipment or autonomous action
Modern goods flow (since last couples of decades)
Innovation: pre slung bundles (handling speed), basically X amount of ropes to lift cargo.
Neobulk, cars, steels rails
Timber code? Innovative way of transporting slugs but it isn’t in use anymore since it dangerous
during storms.
2
, Pre slung neobulk, bananas on pallets. Problem was the heft truck so now they slung the pallets
into the ship and out of course. This can also be done with steel pipes and melted aluminium.
Bulk cargo
Liqud bulk
Main physical aspects of liquids:
Density, Ratio of mass volume or mass per unit volume
Temperature, determines amount of volume
Viscosity, a fluid shows resistance to move or flow and a moving object in a fluid
experiencing resistance
Physical of density: “a measurement that indicates how dense a substance is by comparing it the
density of water”(which is 1,000kg/m3 - 4 degrees Celsius). You compare this by a ratio to another
fluid at the same temperature
Load operation(example)
Ethylene glycol At 20oC and 1atm pressure, ethylene glycol has a density of 1.113 kg/m3 (source:
Shell).
Calculate the volume of 11,000 kg of ethylene glycol.
Density = mass ÷ volume So, volume = mass ÷ density and mass = volume x density volume = 11,000
kg ÷ 1.113 = +/- 9,884 m3
But: beware of all physical conditions!
Not all cargo can be stored next to each other.
Bulk cargo dry
Stowage factor
hold space in cubic meters needed for each cargo ton
Determine cargo quantity into a ship or load unit
density of the substance
Influence ship design
Angled of repose, nature slope angle (see below)
Moisture content, too moist or too dry?
IMSBC or IGC (Grain code) those are book lets
Timber code – Hout
IGC – graan
IMDG – DANGEROUS GOOD
IMSBC – Bulk cargo (droog)
IBC – vloeibaar bulk Cargo
CSS – Cargo Storage security
Dry bulk can be salt (how sharp the angle is upwards, under 35 degrees, that kind of bulk cargo is
working like a fluid and it will move around like fluid. Like you can sink into grain. If lower than 35
degrees you go to the grain code otherwise IMSBC.
Dry bulk if loaded comes in a pyramids shaped form.
Stowage factor calculation:
3
management
Inhoud
Les 1.......................................................................................................................................................2
Cargo characteristics..........................................................................................................................2
........................................................................................................................................................2
General cargo.....................................................................................................................................2
Bulk cargo...........................................................................................................................................3
Liqud bulk.......................................................................................................................................3
Bulk cargo dry.................................................................................................................................3
Special cargo.......................................................................................................................................4
Special cargo conditioned...............................................................................................................4
Special cargo dangerous.................................................................................................................4
Special cargo RO/RO.......................................................................................................................5
Special cargo heavy........................................................................................................................5
Special cargo high value..................................................................................................................5
Containers cargo.................................................................................................................................5
Handling equipment...............................................................................................................................5
containers.......................................................................................................................................5
Special cargo...................................................................................................................................6
Cargo services.....................................................................................................................................6
Sampling.........................................................................................................................................6
Packaging:.......................................................................................................................................6
Lashing and securing.......................................................................................................................6
Ship stability...........................................................................................................................................6
............................................................................................................................................................7
Les 2- from ship to shore......................................................................................................................10
Les three – innovation..........................................................................................................................14
Ship technology....................................................................................................................................16
Engine...............................................................................................................................................16
Fuel types.........................................................................................................................................17
Rules and regulation.........................................................................................................................18
Voyage planning and estimating..........................................................................................................20
1
, Cargo:...............................................................................................................................................20
Inland shipping.....................................................................................................................................22
Voyage planning...............................................................................................................................24
Safety and security in shipping.............................................................................................................24
Les 1
Cargo characteristics
Figure 1 Cargo characteristics
General cargo
Breakbulk
Conventional
Man handled, therefore maximum size and weight
Loose cargo or packed units
Unitised but not standardized
Labour intensive and you need knowledge: difficult to handle or lots of manhandling
Relatively expensive to handle
Breakbulk examples sacks of coffee beans
Neobulk
(Big and heavy) units of single commodity
Handling depend on lifting equipment or autonomous action
Modern goods flow (since last couples of decades)
Innovation: pre slung bundles (handling speed), basically X amount of ropes to lift cargo.
Neobulk, cars, steels rails
Timber code? Innovative way of transporting slugs but it isn’t in use anymore since it dangerous
during storms.
2
, Pre slung neobulk, bananas on pallets. Problem was the heft truck so now they slung the pallets
into the ship and out of course. This can also be done with steel pipes and melted aluminium.
Bulk cargo
Liqud bulk
Main physical aspects of liquids:
Density, Ratio of mass volume or mass per unit volume
Temperature, determines amount of volume
Viscosity, a fluid shows resistance to move or flow and a moving object in a fluid
experiencing resistance
Physical of density: “a measurement that indicates how dense a substance is by comparing it the
density of water”(which is 1,000kg/m3 - 4 degrees Celsius). You compare this by a ratio to another
fluid at the same temperature
Load operation(example)
Ethylene glycol At 20oC and 1atm pressure, ethylene glycol has a density of 1.113 kg/m3 (source:
Shell).
Calculate the volume of 11,000 kg of ethylene glycol.
Density = mass ÷ volume So, volume = mass ÷ density and mass = volume x density volume = 11,000
kg ÷ 1.113 = +/- 9,884 m3
But: beware of all physical conditions!
Not all cargo can be stored next to each other.
Bulk cargo dry
Stowage factor
hold space in cubic meters needed for each cargo ton
Determine cargo quantity into a ship or load unit
density of the substance
Influence ship design
Angled of repose, nature slope angle (see below)
Moisture content, too moist or too dry?
IMSBC or IGC (Grain code) those are book lets
Timber code – Hout
IGC – graan
IMDG – DANGEROUS GOOD
IMSBC – Bulk cargo (droog)
IBC – vloeibaar bulk Cargo
CSS – Cargo Storage security
Dry bulk can be salt (how sharp the angle is upwards, under 35 degrees, that kind of bulk cargo is
working like a fluid and it will move around like fluid. Like you can sink into grain. If lower than 35
degrees you go to the grain code otherwise IMSBC.
Dry bulk if loaded comes in a pyramids shaped form.
Stowage factor calculation:
3
