CGSC exam 4
Artificial Intelligence [AI] - Answer-•The study and implementation of systems able to perform functions
typically considered to require human intelligence or cognitive abilities
•Goals:
-Strong: indistinguishable from a human; possibly attaining conscious
-Weak: designed for some specific reasoning or problem-solving task; no consciousness
4 Approaches to AI machines - Answer-1. think like humans
•requires modeling the human mind.
•recognize both good and bad linguistic constructions
•reason in human fashion, rather than deductively
•mimic learning patterns of humans
•Aligns closely with the goals of cognitive science.
2. act like humans [could pass as a human] Required capabilities:
•natural language processing
•knowledge representation
•automated reasoning
•machine learning
•computer vision
•robotics
3. think rationally
•application of formal logic to solve any solvable problem
,4. act rationally
•acting to achieve the best outcome
•acting to achieve the best expected outcome, in cases of uncertainty
Early Computing Devices - Answer-•AI implementation depends on sufficiently developed technology.
-Origins closely tied to the computer.
•Jacquard Loom: first programmable machine (1805)
-Programs: punched cards indicate which threads to raise
-Sequence of punched cards used to produce intricate designs
•Babbage Engines
-Difference Engine
>Precursor to the calculator
>Calculates (and prints) mathematical tables
-Analytical Engine
>General purpose programmable computational machine
>Adopts punched cards from Loom
>Implements ideas of memory (the store) and processor (the mill)
>Not built; idea did not come to fruition until ≈ 100 years later
•ADA Lovelace: World's first programmer
-Worked together with Babbage [made notes on his work]
-Realized that the Analytical Engine could be used for functions beyond mathematics
-Wrote world's first program (an algorithm for the Analytical Engine)
•Computers
-Earliest built during WWII
-Z3 (DE; analyses of wing flutter)
, -Heath Robinson, Colossus (UK; code-breaking)
-ABC, ENIAC (US; artillery tables, firing tables)
>calculations to aim artillery at moving targets at a distance, or to drop bombs from moving airplanes in
different atmospheric conditions
•1951: Marvin Minsky builds SNARC, a computer modeled after neural networks
Birth of AI - Answer-•Workshop (1956) at Dartmouth College
•Newell & Simon: Logic Theorist, GPS
•Samuel (and IBM): AI programs not limited to predetermined instructions
•McCarthy: Lisp (high level programming language); Shakey robotics project
•Minsky: work on artificial neural networks
Competing computational approaches to AI - Answer-•Physical Symbol Systems (Newell & Simon)
-AI consists of symbols and rules for their manipulation
•Connectionism
-No symbols or explicit rules
-Networks of simple units
-May be viewed as learning behaviors rather than rules
General Problem Solver [GPS]: Physical Symbol Systems - Answer-•Early AI problem-solvers
•Most well known: Newell & Simon's
•Involve searching among possible steps and using simple reasoning
•Successful at solving certain types of puzzles
•Unable to handle complex problems
Artificial Intelligence [AI] - Answer-•The study and implementation of systems able to perform functions
typically considered to require human intelligence or cognitive abilities
•Goals:
-Strong: indistinguishable from a human; possibly attaining conscious
-Weak: designed for some specific reasoning or problem-solving task; no consciousness
4 Approaches to AI machines - Answer-1. think like humans
•requires modeling the human mind.
•recognize both good and bad linguistic constructions
•reason in human fashion, rather than deductively
•mimic learning patterns of humans
•Aligns closely with the goals of cognitive science.
2. act like humans [could pass as a human] Required capabilities:
•natural language processing
•knowledge representation
•automated reasoning
•machine learning
•computer vision
•robotics
3. think rationally
•application of formal logic to solve any solvable problem
,4. act rationally
•acting to achieve the best outcome
•acting to achieve the best expected outcome, in cases of uncertainty
Early Computing Devices - Answer-•AI implementation depends on sufficiently developed technology.
-Origins closely tied to the computer.
•Jacquard Loom: first programmable machine (1805)
-Programs: punched cards indicate which threads to raise
-Sequence of punched cards used to produce intricate designs
•Babbage Engines
-Difference Engine
>Precursor to the calculator
>Calculates (and prints) mathematical tables
-Analytical Engine
>General purpose programmable computational machine
>Adopts punched cards from Loom
>Implements ideas of memory (the store) and processor (the mill)
>Not built; idea did not come to fruition until ≈ 100 years later
•ADA Lovelace: World's first programmer
-Worked together with Babbage [made notes on his work]
-Realized that the Analytical Engine could be used for functions beyond mathematics
-Wrote world's first program (an algorithm for the Analytical Engine)
•Computers
-Earliest built during WWII
-Z3 (DE; analyses of wing flutter)
, -Heath Robinson, Colossus (UK; code-breaking)
-ABC, ENIAC (US; artillery tables, firing tables)
>calculations to aim artillery at moving targets at a distance, or to drop bombs from moving airplanes in
different atmospheric conditions
•1951: Marvin Minsky builds SNARC, a computer modeled after neural networks
Birth of AI - Answer-•Workshop (1956) at Dartmouth College
•Newell & Simon: Logic Theorist, GPS
•Samuel (and IBM): AI programs not limited to predetermined instructions
•McCarthy: Lisp (high level programming language); Shakey robotics project
•Minsky: work on artificial neural networks
Competing computational approaches to AI - Answer-•Physical Symbol Systems (Newell & Simon)
-AI consists of symbols and rules for their manipulation
•Connectionism
-No symbols or explicit rules
-Networks of simple units
-May be viewed as learning behaviors rather than rules
General Problem Solver [GPS]: Physical Symbol Systems - Answer-•Early AI problem-solvers
•Most well known: Newell & Simon's
•Involve searching among possible steps and using simple reasoning
•Successful at solving certain types of puzzles
•Unable to handle complex problems
