lOMoARcPSD|23913933
2350 Exam 1 Study Guide
Vocab
Cell structure – membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm
Cell Function – structure/support, facilitate growth, passive/active transport, produce
energy, metabolic reactions, aid in reproduction
Cell membrane – double layer, selectively permeable, keeps toxins out, contains receptors
and channels
Cytoplasm – contains enzymes breaks down waste
Nucleus - Contains DNA
Organelles – nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum
Endocytosis – substances are brought INTO the cell (pinocytosis and phagocytosis)
Exocytosis – active transport, cells transport molecules OUTSIDE of the cell through energy
Proteins – repair/build body’s tissues, allows metabolic actions, coordinates bodily functions,
maintain pH/fluid balance
Passive Transport Active Transport
Movement of ions across cell membranes Movement of ions/molecules across cell
WITHOUT using energy (osmosis, diffusion membrane into area of HIGHER
from area of high concentration to low concentration (endocytosis, phagocytosis,
concentration) receptor mediated active transports)
Tissues
Epithelial Muscle Connective Nerve
Outer surfaces of Soft tissue, gives Found between other Nerves, spinal cord,
organs/blood vessels muscles ability to tissues everywhere in brain; receive stimuli
contract body including the and sends impulse to
nervous system spinal cord and brain;
(collagen, elastic, brain sends response to
reticular fibers) muscles via the nerves
, lOMoARcPSD|23913933
2350 Exam 1 Study Guide
Cellular Adaptation
Changes made by a cell in response to adverse/environmental changes (physiologic: normal,
pathologic: abnormal)
Atrophy Hypertrophy
DECREASE in cell SIZE ENLARGEMENT of an organ due to INCREASE
in cell SIZE
(example: muscular atrophy from
UNDERUSE) (example: left ventricular hypertrophy)
Hyperplasia Metaplasia Dysplasia Neoplasia
ENLARGEMENT of an CHANGE of a cell from Healthy cells undergo Formation/presence of
organ due to one TYPE to another abnormal changes; new/abnormal tissue
INCREASE in cell TYPE of cell usually precedes
NUMBER development of cancer
Example: changes in the
Example: benign epithelium of the Example: cervical
prostatic hyperplasia airways in response to dysplasia
smoking
Example of
compensatory
hyperplasia: liver
regeneration
Cell Injury; Apoptosis Cell Necrosis
Normal response, when cell self-destructs Death of cells/tissue through disease or
injury; cells swell and burst
, lOMoARcPSD|23913933
2350 Exam 1 Study Guide
Ischemia Hypoxia
Reduced blood supply due to narrowing of Lack of oxygen in the blood (cyanosis/bluish
arteries (directly related to hypoxia) coloring of the skin is a sign of hypoxia)
Free Radicals
Chemicals with an unpaired electron in the outer electron shell, makes them unstable and
reactive
Ecchymosis
Bruising due to subcutaneous bleeding/ruptured blood vessel
Intracellular Fluid Extracellular Fluid Interstitial Fluid
In cells, large amounts of Any fluid outside of cells Between blood vessels and
potassium, some Mg (cerebral spinal fluid, joint cells
electrolytes fluid)
Plasma
Contains water, salts, enzymes, antibodies, protein
, lOMoARcPSD|23913933
2350 Exam 1 Study Guide
2350 Exam 1 Study Guide
Vocab
Cell structure – membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm
Cell Function – structure/support, facilitate growth, passive/active transport, produce
energy, metabolic reactions, aid in reproduction
Cell membrane – double layer, selectively permeable, keeps toxins out, contains receptors
and channels
Cytoplasm – contains enzymes breaks down waste
Nucleus - Contains DNA
Organelles – nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum
Endocytosis – substances are brought INTO the cell (pinocytosis and phagocytosis)
Exocytosis – active transport, cells transport molecules OUTSIDE of the cell through energy
Proteins – repair/build body’s tissues, allows metabolic actions, coordinates bodily functions,
maintain pH/fluid balance
Passive Transport Active Transport
Movement of ions across cell membranes Movement of ions/molecules across cell
WITHOUT using energy (osmosis, diffusion membrane into area of HIGHER
from area of high concentration to low concentration (endocytosis, phagocytosis,
concentration) receptor mediated active transports)
Tissues
Epithelial Muscle Connective Nerve
Outer surfaces of Soft tissue, gives Found between other Nerves, spinal cord,
organs/blood vessels muscles ability to tissues everywhere in brain; receive stimuli
contract body including the and sends impulse to
nervous system spinal cord and brain;
(collagen, elastic, brain sends response to
reticular fibers) muscles via the nerves
, lOMoARcPSD|23913933
2350 Exam 1 Study Guide
Cellular Adaptation
Changes made by a cell in response to adverse/environmental changes (physiologic: normal,
pathologic: abnormal)
Atrophy Hypertrophy
DECREASE in cell SIZE ENLARGEMENT of an organ due to INCREASE
in cell SIZE
(example: muscular atrophy from
UNDERUSE) (example: left ventricular hypertrophy)
Hyperplasia Metaplasia Dysplasia Neoplasia
ENLARGEMENT of an CHANGE of a cell from Healthy cells undergo Formation/presence of
organ due to one TYPE to another abnormal changes; new/abnormal tissue
INCREASE in cell TYPE of cell usually precedes
NUMBER development of cancer
Example: changes in the
Example: benign epithelium of the Example: cervical
prostatic hyperplasia airways in response to dysplasia
smoking
Example of
compensatory
hyperplasia: liver
regeneration
Cell Injury; Apoptosis Cell Necrosis
Normal response, when cell self-destructs Death of cells/tissue through disease or
injury; cells swell and burst
, lOMoARcPSD|23913933
2350 Exam 1 Study Guide
Ischemia Hypoxia
Reduced blood supply due to narrowing of Lack of oxygen in the blood (cyanosis/bluish
arteries (directly related to hypoxia) coloring of the skin is a sign of hypoxia)
Free Radicals
Chemicals with an unpaired electron in the outer electron shell, makes them unstable and
reactive
Ecchymosis
Bruising due to subcutaneous bleeding/ruptured blood vessel
Intracellular Fluid Extracellular Fluid Interstitial Fluid
In cells, large amounts of Any fluid outside of cells Between blood vessels and
potassium, some Mg (cerebral spinal fluid, joint cells
electrolytes fluid)
Plasma
Contains water, salts, enzymes, antibodies, protein
, lOMoARcPSD|23913933
2350 Exam 1 Study Guide
