Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Gradedsf sf sf sf sf sf
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels o s f s f
s
f
fMeasurement: Nominal, O
sf
rdinal, Interval, and Ratio s f
sf
s f s f
sf
1
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
rationale for your answer.
sf sf sf
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categorie
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
swere probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs th
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
esubjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually o
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
, n more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category c
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
an be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
sf sf sf sf
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
foryour answer. sf sf
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug fo
s f s f s f s f s f s f s f s f s f s f s f s f s f
r thissample.
s f sf
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
?Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulte
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
d in ratio-
sf sf
level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
sflevel data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray,
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
2017; Knapp, 2017). sf sf
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study:
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
What category identifies your current income as an RN?
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
a. Less than $50,000
s f sf sf
b. $50,000 to 59,999
s f sf sf
c. $60,000 to 69,999
s f sf sf
d. $70,000 to 80,000
s f sf sf
e. $80,000 or greater
s f sf sf
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow t
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
he rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
- ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
ended
AG 1-1 sf
,AG 1-2
sf Answers f Guideliness f fors f Questionss f tos f Bes f Graded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego-
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark eit
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
her (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
to greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered fr
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
om the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
sf sf sf sf sf
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
item Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
their symp- sf
toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi- sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
item scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et a
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
l., 2017). sf
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores for
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
the cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS sc
sf sf sf sf s f s f s f s f s f s f s f s f s f
oresfor study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
level data as indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
of this result.
sf sf sf
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the gre
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
ater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of thesubje
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
cts were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub-
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases,
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, s
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
uch as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially thos
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
ein higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole p
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
ercent (%). sf
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included
sf sf sfsf sfsf sfsf sfsf sfsf sfsf sfsf sfsf sfsf sfsf sfsf sf
15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac patie
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sfsf sfsf sfsf sf
nts not treated for depression was 91 (106 –
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
15 = 91). The group percent is calculatedby the following formula: (group frequency
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf s f s f s f s f s f s
f÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study,(91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100%
sf s f s f s f sf s f s f s f sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
= 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The finalanswer is rounded to the nearest whole perc
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sfsf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
ent as directed in the question. You could havealso subtracted the 14% of patients treated
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with an antidepre
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
ssant.
9. What was the purpose of the 6- sf sf sf sf sf sf
minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in clinical practice?
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, ―The 6- sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,steady-
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
state functional capacity‖ of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to determin
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
e a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional statusscore could
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sfsf sfsf sfsf sfsf sf sf sf
be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional statusof cardia
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
c patients.
sf
, Answers f Guideliness f fors f Questionss f tos f Bes f Graded AG 1-3 sf
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurement
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
for the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measured
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
with the Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing,
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
lifting objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating sca
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
lewith values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scal
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
eand the subscales were considered interval-
sf sf sf sf sf sf
level data and analyzed with parametric statistics,such as means and SDs (see the study narrat
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
ive; Waltz et al., 2017).
sf sf sf sf
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels o s f s f
s
f
fMeasurement: Nominal, O
sf
rdinal, Interval, and Ratio s f
sf
s f s f
sf
1
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
rationale for your answer.
sf sf sf
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categorie
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
swere probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs th
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
esubjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually o
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
, n more than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
are not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category c
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
an be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
sf sf sf sf
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
foryour answer. sf sf
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug fo
s f s f s f s f s f s f s f s f s f s f s f s f s f
r thissample.
s f sf
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
?Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulte
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
d in ratio-
sf sf
level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
sflevel data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray,
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
2017; Knapp, 2017). sf sf
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study:
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
What category identifies your current income as an RN?
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
a. Less than $50,000
s f sf sf
b. $50,000 to 59,999
s f sf sf
c. $60,000 to 69,999
s f sf sf
d. $70,000 to 80,000
s f sf sf
e. $80,000 or greater
s f sf sf
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow t
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
he rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
- ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
ended
AG 1-1 sf
,AG 1-2
sf Answers f Guideliness f fors f Questionss f tos f Bes f Graded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego-
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark eit
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
her (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
to greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered fr
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
om the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
sf sf sf sf sf
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
item Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
their symp- sf
toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi- sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
item scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et a
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
l., 2017). sf
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores for
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
the cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS sc
sf sf sf sf s f s f s f s f s f s f s f s f s f
oresfor study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
level data as indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
of this result.
sf sf sf
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the gre
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
ater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of thesubje
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
cts were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub-
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases,
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, s
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
uch as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially thos
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
ein higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole p
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
ercent (%). sf
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included
sf sf sfsf sfsf sfsf sfsf sfsf sfsf sfsf sfsf sfsf sfsf sfsf sf
15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac patie
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sfsf sfsf sfsf sf
nts not treated for depression was 91 (106 –
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
15 = 91). The group percent is calculatedby the following formula: (group frequency
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf s f s f s f s f s f s
f÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study,(91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100%
sf s f s f s f sf s f s f s f sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
= 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The finalanswer is rounded to the nearest whole perc
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sfsf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
ent as directed in the question. You could havealso subtracted the 14% of patients treated
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with an antidepre
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
ssant.
9. What was the purpose of the 6- sf sf sf sf sf sf
minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in clinical practice?
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, ―The 6- sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,steady-
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
state functional capacity‖ of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to determin
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
e a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional statusscore could
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sfsf sfsf sfsf sfsf sf sf sf
be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional statusof cardia
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
c patients.
sf
, Answers f Guideliness f fors f Questionss f tos f Bes f Graded AG 1-3 sf
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurement
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
for the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measured
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
with the Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing,
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
lifting objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating sca
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
lewith values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scal
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
eand the subscales were considered interval-
sf sf sf sf sf sf
level data and analyzed with parametric statistics,such as means and SDs (see the study narrat
sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf sf
ive; Waltz et al., 2017).
sf sf sf sf
