McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology
The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children
9th Edition
• Author(s)Julia Rogers
TEST BANK
McCance & Huether — Pathophysiology, 9th Ed. — Chapter 1:
Cellular Biology.
1.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1 — Cellular Biology
Section: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Title: Structural differences and clinical relevance
Stem: A hospitalized patient has a severe bacterial sepsis.
Which cellular feature most clearly distinguishes the infecting
organism (prokaryote) from the patient's own cells (eukaryotes)
and guides antibiotic selection?
Options (A–D)
A. Presence of a membrane-bound nucleus
,B. Presence of mitochondria
C. Presence of 80S ribosomes
D. Presence of linear chromosomes
Correct Answer: A
Rationales (Correct + Incorrects)
Correct: Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus while
eukaryotes have one; this fundamental difference underlies
selective targeting (e.g., drugs that affect bacterial
transcription/translation). Antibiotics often exploit
structural/cellular differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells.
A (incorrect explanation): — (Already used as correct)
B. Incorrect: Mitochondria are features of eukaryotic cells;
bacteria do not have mitochondria, but this is less directly
targeted by most antibiotics.
C. Incorrect: Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes, not 80S; while
ribosomal differences are targeted by antibiotics, the presence
of 80S ribosomes characterizes eukaryotes.
D. Incorrect: Prokaryotes typically have circular chromosomes;
linear chromosomes characterize eukaryotes, but nucleus
structure is a clearer distinguishing feature for clinical targeting.
Teaching Point: Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus —
a key target for selective antimicrobial therapy.
2.
,Chapter Reference: Chapter 1 — Cellular Biology
Section: Cellular Functions
Title: Homeostasis and cell injury
Stem: A patient with prolonged hypoxia develops reversible cell
swelling. Which cellular dysfunction best explains the swelling?
Options (A–D)
A. Failure of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase leading to intracellular Na⁺
accumulation
B. Increased mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation producing
excess ATP
C. Activation of caspases causing membrane blebbing
D. Lysosomal rupture releasing degradative enzymes
Correct Answer: A
Rationales (Correct + Incorrects)
Correct: Hypoxia reduces ATP, impairing Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase;
intracellular Na⁺ and water accumulate, causing reversible cell
swelling (hydropic change). This is a classic early reversible
injury.
B. Incorrect: Hypoxia decreases oxidative phosphorylation and
ATP production, not increases it; excess ATP would not cause
swelling.
C. Incorrect: Caspase activation and membrane blebbing are
features of apoptosis, not the reversible hydropic change from
failed ion pumps.
D. Incorrect: Lysosomal rupture leads to irreversible cell injury
and necrosis via autodigestion, not the early reversible swelling.
, Teaching Point: ATP depletion → Na⁺/K⁺ pump failure →
intracellular Na⁺ and water accumulation (cell swelling).
3.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1 — Cellular Biology
Section: Structure and Function of Cellular Components
Title: Mitochondrial role in cell injury
Stem: A patient experiences ischemia–reperfusion injury after
myocardial infarction. Which mitochondrial event most directly
contributes to reperfusion-induced cell death?
Options (A–D)
A. Opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore
(mPTP)
B. Increased mitochondrial fusion enhancing ATP production
C. Upregulation of mitochondrial DNA repair enzymes
D. Decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation
Correct Answer: A
Rationales (Correct + Incorrects)
Correct: Reperfusion often triggers opening of the mPTP,
collapsing the membrane potential, halting ATP synthesis, and
promoting necrosis/apoptosis. mPTP opening is central to
reperfusion injury.
B. Incorrect: Increased fusion generally supports mitochondrial
function; it does not explain reperfusion-induced cell death.
C. Incorrect: Upregulation of DNA repair would be protective; it
The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children
9th Edition
• Author(s)Julia Rogers
TEST BANK
McCance & Huether — Pathophysiology, 9th Ed. — Chapter 1:
Cellular Biology.
1.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1 — Cellular Biology
Section: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Title: Structural differences and clinical relevance
Stem: A hospitalized patient has a severe bacterial sepsis.
Which cellular feature most clearly distinguishes the infecting
organism (prokaryote) from the patient's own cells (eukaryotes)
and guides antibiotic selection?
Options (A–D)
A. Presence of a membrane-bound nucleus
,B. Presence of mitochondria
C. Presence of 80S ribosomes
D. Presence of linear chromosomes
Correct Answer: A
Rationales (Correct + Incorrects)
Correct: Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus while
eukaryotes have one; this fundamental difference underlies
selective targeting (e.g., drugs that affect bacterial
transcription/translation). Antibiotics often exploit
structural/cellular differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells.
A (incorrect explanation): — (Already used as correct)
B. Incorrect: Mitochondria are features of eukaryotic cells;
bacteria do not have mitochondria, but this is less directly
targeted by most antibiotics.
C. Incorrect: Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes, not 80S; while
ribosomal differences are targeted by antibiotics, the presence
of 80S ribosomes characterizes eukaryotes.
D. Incorrect: Prokaryotes typically have circular chromosomes;
linear chromosomes characterize eukaryotes, but nucleus
structure is a clearer distinguishing feature for clinical targeting.
Teaching Point: Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus —
a key target for selective antimicrobial therapy.
2.
,Chapter Reference: Chapter 1 — Cellular Biology
Section: Cellular Functions
Title: Homeostasis and cell injury
Stem: A patient with prolonged hypoxia develops reversible cell
swelling. Which cellular dysfunction best explains the swelling?
Options (A–D)
A. Failure of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase leading to intracellular Na⁺
accumulation
B. Increased mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation producing
excess ATP
C. Activation of caspases causing membrane blebbing
D. Lysosomal rupture releasing degradative enzymes
Correct Answer: A
Rationales (Correct + Incorrects)
Correct: Hypoxia reduces ATP, impairing Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase;
intracellular Na⁺ and water accumulate, causing reversible cell
swelling (hydropic change). This is a classic early reversible
injury.
B. Incorrect: Hypoxia decreases oxidative phosphorylation and
ATP production, not increases it; excess ATP would not cause
swelling.
C. Incorrect: Caspase activation and membrane blebbing are
features of apoptosis, not the reversible hydropic change from
failed ion pumps.
D. Incorrect: Lysosomal rupture leads to irreversible cell injury
and necrosis via autodigestion, not the early reversible swelling.
, Teaching Point: ATP depletion → Na⁺/K⁺ pump failure →
intracellular Na⁺ and water accumulation (cell swelling).
3.
Chapter Reference: Chapter 1 — Cellular Biology
Section: Structure and Function of Cellular Components
Title: Mitochondrial role in cell injury
Stem: A patient experiences ischemia–reperfusion injury after
myocardial infarction. Which mitochondrial event most directly
contributes to reperfusion-induced cell death?
Options (A–D)
A. Opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore
(mPTP)
B. Increased mitochondrial fusion enhancing ATP production
C. Upregulation of mitochondrial DNA repair enzymes
D. Decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation
Correct Answer: A
Rationales (Correct + Incorrects)
Correct: Reperfusion often triggers opening of the mPTP,
collapsing the membrane potential, halting ATP synthesis, and
promoting necrosis/apoptosis. mPTP opening is central to
reperfusion injury.
B. Incorrect: Increased fusion generally supports mitochondrial
function; it does not explain reperfusion-induced cell death.
C. Incorrect: Upregulation of DNA repair would be protective; it
