Criminology Final Exam- Question and Answers [100% Correct] 2025

Criminology Final Exam- Question and Answers [100% Correct] 2025 Interpersonal violence can be categorized into three main groups: & sexual assault; domestic violence; workplace violence. Homicide refers to homicide, assault, hate crimes the deliberate (non-negligent) killing of one person by another. Gross negligence occurs when to reckless actions. Manslaughter is defined as someone unintentionally causes the death of another person due an unintentional killing where there is no specific intent to harm (lack of mens rea). Voluntary manslaughter happens when a death occurs due to an intense emotional reaction (e.g., discovering a spouse’s infidelity) from an immediate provocation. Involuntary manslaughter refers to a situation where someone causes death unintentionally, such as in cases of reckless behavior or gross negligence (e.g., car accidents). Professional murder involves Serial murder is when between each act. Mass murder refers to killing for financial gain. an individual kills multiple people over time, often with a cooling-off period a single event where an individual kills two or more people at once, rather than over an extended period. 1 Victim-precipitated murder, a term introduced by Marvin Wolfgang, occurs when the victim actively provokes or instigates the fatal incident. Aggravated assault involves another person. an unlawful physical attack aimed at causing severe injury or harm to In the U.S., how many people are murdered per 100,000 annually? 6. Where are murders most prevalent in the United States? in the south having the highest rates of violent crime. In the southern states, with larger cities What proportion of murders involve family members? 43%. What are common causes of murder-related arguments? and property conflicts. During which seasons do murders typically increase? Romantic triangles, financial disputes, In summer months (particularly July and August) and during the holiday seasons, such as December and January. What defines hate crimes? Violent acts committed against individuals due to their perceived race, religion, disability, ethnicity, or sexual orientation. What distinguishes hate crimes from regular crimes in terms of interpersonal violence? Victims experience greater emotional distress, communities face more fear and tension, and these crimes often attract more attention from the criminal justice system. How are hate crimes distributed in the U.S.? In 2007, there were 7,624 hate crimes reported, with 51% driven by racial bias, 18% by religious bias, 17% by sexual-orientation bias, 13% by ethnicity bias, and 1% by disability bias. True or false: Hate violence rose by 24% between 2006 and 2007. True. 2 What two factors contributed to the increase in hate crimes from 888 in 2007 to 926 in 2008? Economic recession and the election of Barack Obama. What are some key differences between hate crimes and regular violence? vicious, brutal, and often random in nature. The definition of rape has evolved to include Hate crimes are more non-consensual carnal knowledge, which may involve force, coercion, or the use of substances or mental impairments, affecting both men and women. Social coercion is when someone is pressured into actions, such as a woman engaging in sex with her husband because it is expected of her. Interpersonal coercion refers to engaging in actions, like a woman having sex with her boss, to avoid conflict or to advance her career. How many rapes were reported per 100,000 people in the U.S. in 2007? 30. What are the top reasons many rapes go unreported? Victims feel embarrassed, think they should have prevented it, want to protect the offender, or fear they won’t be believed. UCR reports conflict with NCVS, indicating that only 30% of rapes are actually reported. What is the male rape rate in U.S. prisons? 1 in 4. What percentage of rapes involve multiple perpetrators? 30%. What is the likelihood of rape occurring within a marriage? What are five reasons women may not report spousal rape? Between 14-25%. They feel it’s their duty, prefer to avoid conflict, the unwanted sexual act may turn into a desired one, they are unsure of the consequences if they speak up, or they know what will happen if they don’t. 3 Battering refers to physical abuse within a relationship, often characterized by controlling behavior. What percentage of women will experience physical abuse in their lifetime? 50%. How often does a woman in the U.S. experience physical abuse? rate is likely higher due to underreporting. What are the four types of violence found in heterosexual couples? patriarchal terrorism, violent resistance, and mutual violent control. Every 15 seconds, though this Common couple violence, What four factors hinder the identification of child abuse by medical professionals? Physicians may be unaware of possible abuse indicators, reluctant to believe parents could harm their children, bound by confidentiality norms, and hesitant to engage with the criminal justice system due to the time and complexity involved. Which medical professionals are most likely to report suspected child abuse? Pediatric radiologists. What are the four primary forms of child abuse? Physical, sexual, emotional abuse, and neglect. How many cases of child abuse are reported annually? children, with 52% of the victims being female. What is the breakdown of child abuse by type? One million, or 24 cases per 1,000 16% physical, 64% neglect, 9% sexual, and 7% emotional. Who are the primary perpetrators of child abuse? unmarried partners. Elder abuse includes: 80% are parents, 7% other relatives, and 3% physical, sexual, emotional abuse, neglect, and financial exploitation. 4 Spouses, siblings, children, friends, or caregivers in Who typically commits domestic elder abuse? the home. Who typically commits institutional elder abuse? What is the distribution of elder abuse by type? Employees of residential facilities. 49% neglect, 36% emotional abuse, 30% financial exploitation, 25% physical abuse, and only 0.5% sexual abuse. What is the third leading cause of death in the workplace? What defines simple assault? Homicide. An act that causes harm, but not severe injury. Sexual harassment is defined as any unwelcome behavior of a sexual nature, including attempts of rape, interpersonal coercion, sexist jokes, inappropriate touching, and constant unwanted attention. What are occupational crimes? Crimes committed by individuals in the course of their employment for personal gain, often involving embezzlement or similar acts against their employer. attempt to explain crime primarily in terms of gender-role socialization. Liberal Feminists is defined as the unlawful taking of property from the possession of someone other than one's employer. Larceny Which of the following statements is part of Richard Quinney's conflict theory of crime? Society is divided along political lines rather than being an entity based on concensus AND The content of laws and their application tend to reflect the interests of the powerful, because the powerful typically control or manipulate members of law enforcement. According to your text, _____ is defined as unlawful entry of a house, busines, or other structure with the intent to commit a felony. burglary 5 The significant difference people are present during robberies, but not during most burglaries between burglary and robbery is... According to the UCR, robbery is a property crime; however, your text includes robbery in the interpersonal violence chapter due to the motive behind most robberies. False According to the NCVS, men are more likely than women to be victims of crime. In particular, men are victims of theft more than women; however, women are more likely to be victims of IPV. According to the UCR, caucasians are arrested for the majority of crime in the United States. True True According to James Meseserschmidt, low female crime rates are related to women's powerless position in the United States, due to patriarchy and women's fewer opportunities to commit crime. High crime rates among men can be explained through constructions of masculinity, where crime becomes a way for boys and men to "do their gender." True Although a considerable amount of variation exists among feminist scholars, most agree that... more attention needs to be paid to female criminality and conformity. According to the UCR, all of the following are among the top 5 offenses for which BOTH men and women were arrested except: Disorderly conduct (included are drug abuse violations, simple assaults, and larceny/theft.) According to the NCVS, which of the following describes the "typical" victim? between the ages of 12 and 24. Which of the following statements is FALSE? A caucasian male According to Marx and Engles, the main conflict in capitalist societies is between the lumenproletariat and the bourgeoisie. ______prioritizes neither class nor gender; ratehr, it recognized the intersectionality of class, race/ethnicty, and gender. Socialist feminism 6 Motor vehicle theft is the crime most often reported to the police; while over half of burglaries and thefts are not reported to the police, because victims do not believe the police can find the perpetrators and/or the value of the property taken was insignificant. True According to the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (2006) the most commonly used illegal drug in the United States is: marijuana. According to conflict theorists, the main cause of crime in societies is... wealth and power. unequal distribution of Shoplifting costs an estimated 31$ billion; however, most criminologists view shoplifting to be a victimless crime, primarily because corportations (not people) are the "victims." False Which of the following statements is FALSE? impoverished. Drug users are more likely to be unemployed or Drug use (of both legal and illegal drugs) is an "equal opportunity affliction." In other words, drug consumption is found across all income levels, SS, genders, races, ethnicities, lifestyles, and age groups. True _________is one of the most common reasons for arson. Vandalism ______criminology attempts to broaden our knowledge of criminality through research conducted by offenders and their shared experiences within the Criminal Justice System. Convict _______is an example of non-occupational fraud. The most common motor vehicle theft offenders are: Shoplifting is a type of: larceny. Forgery of checks/writing bad checks young males. 7 According to arrest data, ______ is five times more common than robbery. burglary __________is one of the best predictors of criminality. Gender ______report the lowest rates of victimization, according to the NCVS. Older females Research indicates that alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana are _______ drugs - types of drugs that when used excessively may lead to using other and often more addictive drugs such as cocaine. gateway ________is my favorite theorist. Marx Crime as "an intentional act of violation of the criminal law, committed without defense or excuse, and penalized by the state as a felony or misdemeanor" is: The legal definition of crime. Law based upon prior decisions of the court can be called all of hte following except statutory law. _____is the legal concept used to determine whether a criminal had the mental capacity and intent to commit a crime. Mens rea All of the following are types of defense for criminal actions except: include neccesity, insanity, duress, ignorance of the laws.) Social Constructionism involuntary intoxication. (but is a theoretical perspective which stipulates that means are subjective and definitions of crime vary according to society's rules. According to UCR data, women are most often arrested for which of the following offenses? other offenses the legal definition of crime is too narrow. According to your text and many sociologists, all 8 The UCR contains little to no information regarding motives of crime AND includes arrest data for over 90% of the US population. NIBRS is an acronym for... NIBRS The National Incident-Based Reporting System. is a supplement to the UCR, was created in the 1970s, in order to offer additioanl information on criminals not available in the UCR, and is arrest-based data. Sociologists, criminologists, and other social scientists use arrest and victimization "rates" rather than actual number of incidences in order to compare various geographic regions. In this way, the amount of crime in heavily populated metropolitan areas can be compared to the amount of crime in small, rural communities. True False True or False: According to both the NCVS and UCR, violent crimes rates have increased over the last 20 years. All of the following are true in regards to arrest data, EXCEPT: information on victims and offenders. Arrest data provide background Higher rates of crime in the U.S. are due to better reporting and law enforcement practices in the US than in other similarly developed nations. False Women were arrested more often than men for all of the following offenses except: larceny/theft. Globalization, thte process by which individuals and societies are becoming increasingly interconnected and interdependent, is caused by the movement of capital, credit, and cash by multinational corportations and the increase in technological advancements in communication; thus globalization may lead to the expansion of International criminal law and global conduct norms. True Gender is the beest predictor of criminality. In other words, if you are male, you are much more likely to be the victim of crime, and much more likely to be the perpetrator of crime. True 9 The most common ofense for which people in the US Which of the following statements is false? are arrested is larceny/theft. Murder is considered ___________, because most citizens agree that it is wrong to kill another person. mala in se Which of the following statements demonstrate a cultural relativist perspective of Female Genital Surgeries (FGS) as discussed in class? Although FGS is primarily illegal in the world, this practice continues due to the value of the practice, as this serves as a maturation ritual for girls. Which of the following statements is best characterized as ethnocentric? should not be allowed in any country. Polygamous marriage The Unites States has higher rates of homicide and incarceration, because we have a larger population than other countries? False All of the following are possible explanations for higher crime rates in the U.S. other than technologically advanced societies, except: data collection processes vary from country to country. All of the following possible explanations for highter rates of incarceration in the U.S. as compared to other tecnicalogically advanced societies except: changes in statutory law, such as increased law enforcement. Some individuals in society accept the cultural goals of material wealth, but lack the legitimate means and/or commitment to achieve them. Often this strain between goals and means leads to teh use of illegal ways to achieve these goals. This describes which of the following Modes of Adaptation? Innovation True True or false: Retreatism refers to the Mode of Adaption where an individual neither adheres to the cultural goals, nor do they try to achieve them; rather, they may be likely to engage in consistent drug and alcohol use. 10 According to Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson, most crimes can be explained by the "Chemistry for Crime" of the Routine Activities Theory. In particular, three key elements are required in order for a crime to occur: (a) motivated offender (b) suitable target (c) lack of capable guardian. True According to Robert Agnew, crime is inevitable, as no society can ever be entirely free of crime. False Which of the following theorists used the concept anomie to explain crime as the misalignment of goals and means? Robert Merton The atavistic characteristics of Lombroso's "born criminal" are associated with "prehistoric man." True Emile Durkheim's theory of Differential Association predicts that people will commit crime when they have been exposed to more pro-criminal patterns than anti-criminal patterns. False The theory of Differential Association suggests that correctional facilities serve society by segregating offenders from law-abiding members of the community? True Cabrini Green was used in class as a contemporary example of which of the following theories? Social ecology of crime Which of the following theorists is considered to be the "father of criminology?" Cesare Lombroso The Classical School of Criminology developed in response to spirtualism, which used religious beliefs and tests of faith in decisions of criminality and punishment; while postivist criminology developed in response to the classic school. Positivist criminologists asserted that crime was the result of rational decision-making based up the hedonistic calculus of offenders. False Mathew clark is arrested prosecuted and sentenced to 5 years in prison for the theft of company assets and profits. When given the opportunity to address the court at his sentencing hearing, he stated the following: "You are all a bunch of crooks. You convict me, while the corportation I gave 25 years of my life to continues to get away with tax fraud and theft of American people's tax money. I am not guilty of this 11 crime; I am a victim of this society." Matthew is engaging in which of the following Techniques of Neutralization? Condemnation of the condemners Which of the following theorists suggested that persons who possess stigma must manage their "spoiled identity," and can sometimes effectively avoid stigmatization through passing as one of the normals? Erving Goffman Theorists often focus on juvenile delinquents as their subjects of study believed to be more malleable than adults. because juveniles are According to early social bond theory, all of the following are crucial elements in the formula for conformity, except (all of the above are: involvement, commitment, attachment, belief) ______indicates that social and anti-social behaviors result from operant conditioning. In other words, a person will engage in criminal activities if she/he is provided with positive reinforcement to do so. Social learning theory According to Walter Reckless, individuals with high levels of self-control and internalization of social norms will conform; however, mental conflict could serve as a push factor towards non-conformity. Thus, laws may serve as the second line of defense against non-conformity. True True or false: According to Edwin Lemert, he difference between primary and secondary deviation is the individual makes a rational choice to continue engagment in criminal activity. False Within the labeling perspective scholars generally agree upon all of the following except: Individuals surrounded by examples of criminal behavior are more likely to engage in criminal behavior. Reintegrative shaming... is a process wherein the offender is punished, then brought back within the community without being negatively labeled. 12 All of the following played a significant role in the development of the Crips gang in LA except: retaliation against the bloods. (included were social inequality, a breakdown of social control mechanisms in segregaed neighborhoods, and racial discrimination.) True of false: Edwin Sutherland attempted to fill in some of the gaps of Robert Merton's theory by creating General Strain Theory, in which he expanded Merton's conception of strain to include loss of valued stimuli and addition of negative stimuli. In this way, delinquency and crime can be explained as adaptation to more than inability to achieve material wealth or gain. False Messner and Rosenfeld's Institutional Anomie Theory... ALL OF THE ABOVE: asserts that higher rates of crim in the us can be attributed to both American culture and social structure, as belief in the American Dream of menetary success leads to anomie, and as the dominance of the institution of the economy leads to weakened institutional controls, as a lack of believe in teh American Dream leads some individuals to adapt to US culture by engaging in crime. According to social bond theory, _________ is the bond to conventional social institutions such as the economy, polity, and family. attachment According to social bond theory, __________ is the investment of time and resources in conventional pursuits of goals. committment ____ and _____ were two of Edwin Sutherland's main contributions to criminology. Crime, Social Learning Theory White Collar True of False: Rebellion refers to the Mode of Adaptation wherein an individual neither adheres to the cultural goals nor do they try to achieve them; ratehr, they may be likely to engage in consistent drug and alcohol use. False True or false: According to Messner and Rosenfeld, the relatively high rate of crime in the US as compared to other similarly developed nations, is the result of an intense cultural pressure for monetary success (the pursuit of teh American Dream), and weak institutional control. True True or false: According to Robert Agnew, crime is inevitable and necessary, as no society can ever be entirely free of crime. False 13 Which of the following theorists used teh concept onomie to explain crime as the misalighment of goals and means? Robert Merton True or False: Emiele Durkheim's theory of Differential Association predicts that people will commit crime when they have been exposed to more pro-criminal patterns than anti-criminal patterns of behavior. False The theory of differential association suggests that correctional facilities serve society by segregating offenders from law-abiding members of the community. False According to early social social (bond) theory, all of the following are crucial elements in the formula for conformity, except: control _____ indicates that social and anti-social behaviors result from operant conditioning. In other words, a person will engage in criminal activities if she/he is provided with positive reinforcement to do so. Social learning theory True or false: Ronald Akers used suicde as an example of social learning in action. In particular, he asserted that 1.) people learn that suicide appears to be a solution to personal problems 2.) people learn about specific techniques of suicide 3.) people learn that the act of suicide receives considerable attention, and 4.) other people's reaction to a suicide attempt may encourage future attempts. True Corporate crimes are: primarily benefit the corporation, defined as "illegal and/or socially injurious acts of intent or indifference that occur for the purpose of furthering corportate goals that physically and/or economically abuse individuals. (collusion of top executives of utility corps to fix prices is an example. Transnational corporate crimes crimes perpetrated on people of other societies, from bribery, to exporting hazardous materials, to dangerous working conditions. 14 Three types of white collar crimes occupational, corporate, and transnational corporate. Employee theft defnition and reason the workplace. What is fiddling? stealing from one's workplace, reason is usually unfairness in when an employee overcharges their customer for gain of self or company. Stealing Pilfering rights Dealing Hawks taking something without permission that does not belong to you. allowing employees to take home a product or products every so often. getting more money via not reporting and then selling, etc. professionals, execs and small businesses that maintain individuality and autonomy and makes it easier to falsify things such as business expenses. Donkeys supermarkets. Wolves vultures Embezzlement little autonomy, surrounded by people, but not necc working with people - ie cashiers at i.e. group controled theft such as luggage people at airports. considerable individual autonomy, waiters, truk drivers, and hotel workers. taking money rather than merchandise. Occupational fraud - two types physician fraud and insider trading fraud. 15