WGU Introduction to Sociology - C273 Question And Answers Updated

WGU Introduction to Sociology - C273 Question And Answers Updated .3 major theories - Answer-Symbolic Interaction Functional analysis Conflict Theory .8 steps of Research Model - Answer-1-select a topic (what do you want to learn about) 2-define the problem (what do you want to learn about the topic) 3-Reviewing the literature (helps pinpoint questions) 4-Formulate a hypothesis (what do you expect to find according to predictions from a theory) 5-Choose a research method 6-Collecting the data (assure the validity and reliability) 7-Analyzing the results 8-Sharing the results .Adolescents (13-17) - Answer-Adolescents face difficult issues as they try to understand who they truly are and identify their place in society. They sometimes develop their own standards of clothing, hairstyles, language, music, and other markers of identity. .agents of socialization. - Answer-People and groups that influence our behaviors, attitudes, emotions, and self concept .aggregate - Answer-individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together .alienation - Answer-Marx's term for workers' lack of connection to the product of their labor; caused by workers being assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of a product—this leads to a sense of powerlessness and normlessness; others use the term in the general sense of not feeling a part of something .anticipatory socialization - Answer-learning to play a role before entering it. Social interactions are tuned to be acceptable and in line with the culture of an organization. .Applied Sociology - Answer-the use of sociology to solve problems from classroom integration and family relationships to crime and pollution .Applying Durkheim - Answer-Patterns of behavior or recurring patterns or events .Auguste Conte - Answer-Suggested we apply scientific method to social world, which is known as Positivism Viewed society as a living organism, similar to an animals body - must function together to function smoothly. (functional analysis) .authoritarian leader - Answer-an individual who leads by giving orders .Basic (or pure) sociology - Answer-sociological research for the purpose of making discoveries about life in human groups, not for making changes in those groups .Bourgeoisie - Answer-Capitalists they own the means of production - money, land, factories, and machines. .bureaucracy - Answer-a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor; emphasis on impersonality of positions and written rules, communications, and records -separate levels -a division of labor -written rules .C. Wright Mills - Answer-pushed sociologist to go back to push social reform .category - Answer-people, objects, and events that have similar characteristics and are classified together .Charles Horton Cooley - Answer-known for his theory of the "looking-glass self." .Childhood (birth-12) - Answer-Children are guided toward physical, emotional, and social development by their parents, who also ensure protection, comfort, and care. .clique (cleek) - Answer-a cluster of people within a larger group who choose to interact with one another .coalition - Answer-the alignment of some members of a group against others .Conflict Theory - Answer-suggests that society is composed of groups that compete with one another for scarce resources on the surface it shows cooperation, under the surface struggle for power Karl Marx - founder of conflict theory witness the Industrial Revolution .control group - Answer-subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable .Control Theory: Walter Reckless - Answer-Everyone is propelled toward deviance, but two control systems work against the motivation to deviate: Inner controls are our capacity to withstand temptations toward deviance; they include morality, integrity, fear of punishment, and desire to do and to be good. Outer controls are people or influences that encourage us to conform to the rules. Parents or other loved ones, role models, and the police are examples of external influences over a person's behavior. Travis Hirschi noted that strong bonds to society lead to more effective inner controls. Example: Drug use is an interesting example of deviance. Suppose you are invited to a party and everyone is using marijuana. They invite you to do some with them. Reflect on the conflict you may feel here. The enticement is to take the drug to fit in with your friends, your peer group, and the setting, and also to satisfy your curiosity. The rejection of such behavior comes from your conscience, the thought of your parents, the fear of arrest, and your knowledge of the danger of using drugs. .cultural relativism - Answer-not judging a culture but trying to understand it on it's own terms .Culture - Answer-the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors and material objects that characterize a group and are passed from 1 generation to the next .Culture Shock - Answer-the disorientation that people feel when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their "taken-for-granted" assumptions of life .Degradation - Answer-In some cultures, deviant behavior leads to degradation ceremonies, where the offender is forced to live with insults every day and is marked as shameful. College hazing is an example of this, as is a recent trend by some judges to force petty criminals to publically declare their deviance by holding signs on street corners describing their crimes. .democratic leader - Answer-an individual who leads by trying to reach a consensus .dependent variable - Answer-a factor that is changed by an independent variable .Deviance - Answer-any violation of norms, whether minor or serious. .Differential Association: Edwin Sutherland - Answer-We learn to deviate or conform to the norms according to the different groups we associate with. People are not mere pawns; individuals help produce their own orientation and shape their own selves