WGU D236 Patho part 2- Megan/Shay’s Study Guides || 100% no
Error.
What occurs during gas exchange?
Erythropoietin is secreted into the bloodstream.
Oxygen moves across the alveolar membrane into the bloodstream.
Carbon dioxide moves from the alveoli into the bloodstream.
Hemoglobin crosses the alveolar membrane to combine with oxygen. correct answers Oxygen
moves across the alveolar membrane into the bloodstream.
Obstructive disorders, such as ______________ or __________ make it difficult for the
individual to fully exhale carbon dioxide and may also make inhalation difficult. correct answers
asthma, copd
___________________ disorders, such as pneumothorax, make it difficult for the lungs to fully
expand for ventilation. correct answers Restrictive
Disorders of the pulmonary vasculature are often complications from what? correct answers
#Coagulation disorders
#Pulmonary obstructive disorders
#Respiratory infections
What are causes of aspiration? What other disorders pose a significant risk for aspiration? correct
answers Anything that interferes with the epiglottis from closing.
,#Fatigue
#Acid reflux
#Loss of mental ability (CVA, altered LOC, MS)
#Loss of muscle tone or coordination
#Pneumonia (bacterial or viral)
Risk: PE, ARDS, HF, Lung CA, TB, GERD
What is atelectasis? correct answers The collapse of a small number of alveoli resulting in
reduced gas exchange. The full inflation of bronchioles is inhibited in this process.
What is hypoxia? correct answers Deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues. The
gas exchange across the alveolar membrane is impacted.
What is the most common cause of gastroenteritis? correct answers Viruses (70% of cases)
What are s/sx of gastroenteritis? correct answers #Diarrhea (watery, usually nonbloody - bloody
means you have a different, more severe infection)
#N/V or both
#Stomach cramps/pain
#Occasional muscle aches/headache
#Low-grade fever
What is cirrhosis and how does it develop? correct answers Liver diseases cause liver cells to
become damaged and die. Scar tissue replaces liver cells and affects the function of the liver
leading to cirrhosis.
**In cirrhosis, stellate cells overproduce collagenous fibrous tissue, which takes over the liver.
,What are common causes of cirrhosis? correct answers -ETOH
-Viral hepatitis (HEP C)
- Autoimmune hepatitis
-Drugs and chemicals (aetaminophen or anything else hepatotoxic)
Complications of cirrhosis? correct answers #Ascites
#Edema
#Portal hypertension (elevated BP throghout entire portal venous system)
#Esophageal varices (engorged varicose veins on the low esophagus weaken/rupture).
#Encephalopathy
#Respiratory distress
#Coagulation defects
Hepatocytes do not function properly in cirrhosis, leading to the following: _____________,
_________________, ___________________, _______________, _____________,
__________________. correct answers #Inability to detoxify compound in the blood
#Increased toxin exposure
#Decreased bile - decreased lipid digestion/absorption
#Hyperbilirubinemia - jaundice
#Bleeding resulting from portal HTN
#Decreased synthesis of clotting factors - excessive bleeding
#Hepatic encephalopathy - confusion, impaired cognition
What is pancreatitis? correct answers Inflammation of the pancreas that causes pancreatic
insufficiency, malabsorption, and diabetes. Pancreatitis can be an acute or chronic disorder.
What is acute pancreatitis and what are its causes and manifestations? correct answers Acute
pancreatitis is a sudden, short-term episode of inflammation.
, Causes:
#Gallstones
#Excessive alcohol use
#High blood triglycerides
#Abdominal injury
#Certain medications and toxins
Manifestations:
#Abdominal pain
#N/V (following significant alcohol intake)
#Cullen sign (blue discoloration around the umbilicus is a hallmark)
What is chronic pancreatitis and what are its causes, manifestations, and complications? correct
answers Chronic pancreatitis is the recurring destruction of the pancreatic tissue that results in
atrophy, fibrosis, scarring and the development of calcification within the gland.
Causes:
#Gallstones (obstruct the flow of bile and pancreatic secretions into the duodenum; backs up into
the pancreas and it starts autodigesting itself).
#Alcohol (increased secretion of pancreatic enzymes and sphincter of oddi contracts; enzymes
pack up into pancreas).
Manifestations:
#Severe epigastric pain
#Vomiting
Complications:
Error.
What occurs during gas exchange?
Erythropoietin is secreted into the bloodstream.
Oxygen moves across the alveolar membrane into the bloodstream.
Carbon dioxide moves from the alveoli into the bloodstream.
Hemoglobin crosses the alveolar membrane to combine with oxygen. correct answers Oxygen
moves across the alveolar membrane into the bloodstream.
Obstructive disorders, such as ______________ or __________ make it difficult for the
individual to fully exhale carbon dioxide and may also make inhalation difficult. correct answers
asthma, copd
___________________ disorders, such as pneumothorax, make it difficult for the lungs to fully
expand for ventilation. correct answers Restrictive
Disorders of the pulmonary vasculature are often complications from what? correct answers
#Coagulation disorders
#Pulmonary obstructive disorders
#Respiratory infections
What are causes of aspiration? What other disorders pose a significant risk for aspiration? correct
answers Anything that interferes with the epiglottis from closing.
,#Fatigue
#Acid reflux
#Loss of mental ability (CVA, altered LOC, MS)
#Loss of muscle tone or coordination
#Pneumonia (bacterial or viral)
Risk: PE, ARDS, HF, Lung CA, TB, GERD
What is atelectasis? correct answers The collapse of a small number of alveoli resulting in
reduced gas exchange. The full inflation of bronchioles is inhibited in this process.
What is hypoxia? correct answers Deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues. The
gas exchange across the alveolar membrane is impacted.
What is the most common cause of gastroenteritis? correct answers Viruses (70% of cases)
What are s/sx of gastroenteritis? correct answers #Diarrhea (watery, usually nonbloody - bloody
means you have a different, more severe infection)
#N/V or both
#Stomach cramps/pain
#Occasional muscle aches/headache
#Low-grade fever
What is cirrhosis and how does it develop? correct answers Liver diseases cause liver cells to
become damaged and die. Scar tissue replaces liver cells and affects the function of the liver
leading to cirrhosis.
**In cirrhosis, stellate cells overproduce collagenous fibrous tissue, which takes over the liver.
,What are common causes of cirrhosis? correct answers -ETOH
-Viral hepatitis (HEP C)
- Autoimmune hepatitis
-Drugs and chemicals (aetaminophen or anything else hepatotoxic)
Complications of cirrhosis? correct answers #Ascites
#Edema
#Portal hypertension (elevated BP throghout entire portal venous system)
#Esophageal varices (engorged varicose veins on the low esophagus weaken/rupture).
#Encephalopathy
#Respiratory distress
#Coagulation defects
Hepatocytes do not function properly in cirrhosis, leading to the following: _____________,
_________________, ___________________, _______________, _____________,
__________________. correct answers #Inability to detoxify compound in the blood
#Increased toxin exposure
#Decreased bile - decreased lipid digestion/absorption
#Hyperbilirubinemia - jaundice
#Bleeding resulting from portal HTN
#Decreased synthesis of clotting factors - excessive bleeding
#Hepatic encephalopathy - confusion, impaired cognition
What is pancreatitis? correct answers Inflammation of the pancreas that causes pancreatic
insufficiency, malabsorption, and diabetes. Pancreatitis can be an acute or chronic disorder.
What is acute pancreatitis and what are its causes and manifestations? correct answers Acute
pancreatitis is a sudden, short-term episode of inflammation.
, Causes:
#Gallstones
#Excessive alcohol use
#High blood triglycerides
#Abdominal injury
#Certain medications and toxins
Manifestations:
#Abdominal pain
#N/V (following significant alcohol intake)
#Cullen sign (blue discoloration around the umbilicus is a hallmark)
What is chronic pancreatitis and what are its causes, manifestations, and complications? correct
answers Chronic pancreatitis is the recurring destruction of the pancreatic tissue that results in
atrophy, fibrosis, scarring and the development of calcification within the gland.
Causes:
#Gallstones (obstruct the flow of bile and pancreatic secretions into the duodenum; backs up into
the pancreas and it starts autodigesting itself).
#Alcohol (increased secretion of pancreatic enzymes and sphincter of oddi contracts; enzymes
pack up into pancreas).
Manifestations:
#Severe epigastric pain
#Vomiting
Complications:
