USAHS Clinical Neuroscience EXAM 2025/2026 ACTUAL COMPLETE REAL
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
ALREADY GRADED A+ / 2025 BRAND NEW EXAM!!
______________ literally means "dance" and is applied to
movement disorders characterized nearly continuous
involuntary movements that have a fluid or jerky, consistently
varying quality. In mild cases (low amplitude) this condition
maybe mistaken for fidgeting or restless movements of the
extremities, face, or trunk. - ANSWER-Chorea (A major cause
for this is due to Huntington's disease; an autosomal dominant
neurodegenerative disorder)
Muscle atrophy is caused by lesions in the ________ ________
__________. - ANSWER-Lower motor neuron
How do you test for muscle tone? What is the difference
between hypertonia and hypotonia? - ANSWER-Ask the patient
to relax then passively move each limb at several joints to get a
feeling for any resistance or rigidity that may be present.
Hyper: increased muscle tone
Hypo: decreased muscle tone
,What are the characteristics of a lower motor neuron injury?
What about upper? - ANSWER-Lower: hyporeflexia (reduced
reflexes)
Upper: hyperrflexia (increased relfexes) seen with corticospinal
lesions, caused by damage to pathways that travel in close
association with the corticospinal tract rather than direct
damage to the CS tract.
What is motor extinction? - ANSWER-Patient can't sense the
stimuli on the opposite side.
What are considered normal grades for the deep tendon
reflexes? - ANSWER-0: absent
1+: trace; or only seen with reinforcement
2+: normal
3+: brisk
4+: nonsustained clonus (repetitive vibratory movements)
5+: sustained clonus
Deep tendon reflexes are normal if they are 1+, 2+, or 3+ unless
they are asymmetric or there is a dramatic difference between
the arms and the legs. Reflexes rated as 0, 4+, or 5+ are usually
considered abnormal.
,What is Hoffmans sign? - ANSWER-Indicates heightened
reflexes involving the finger flexors
Holding the patient's middle finger and flicking it downward
causing the finger to extend slightly. If the thumb flexes or
adducts in response, this sign is positive.
What is a positive babinski sign? - ANSWER-dorsiflexion of the
big toe and fanning of all toes when running a pointed object
along the lateral border of the plantar aspect of the foot
*in healthy adults the toes will curl in
The _____________ ________ occurs in the absence of
descending inhibition. - ANSWER-Babinski sign
What additional reflexes may be present in someone with
suspected spinal cord damage? - ANSWER-Abdominal,
cutaneous, cremasteric, bulbocavernosus, and anal wink
What additional reflexes may be present in someone with
frontal lobe damage? - ANSWER-Reemergence of primitive
infant reflexes
, What is the difference between appendicular ataxia and truncal
ataxia? - ANSWER-Appendicular: affects movements of
extremities; caused by lesions of the cerebellar hemispheres
and pathway
Truncal: affects proximal musculature involved in gait stability;
caused by midline damage to cerebellar vermis and pathways
How do you test appendicular coordination? - ANSWER-Test
for overshoot and accuracy of movements
How do you test trunk coordination? - ANSWER-The Romberg
test: ask patient to stand with their feet together (touching each
other) and ask the patient to close their eyes
How do you test the sense of pain? - ANSWER-Alternate
between sharp and dull end of safety pin
How do you test sense of temperature? - ANSWER-Cool piece
of metal such as a tuning fork
How do you test the sense of vibration? - ANSWER-Place
tuning fork on a ball of foot and ask patient to tell you when the
vibration stops
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
ALREADY GRADED A+ / 2025 BRAND NEW EXAM!!
______________ literally means "dance" and is applied to
movement disorders characterized nearly continuous
involuntary movements that have a fluid or jerky, consistently
varying quality. In mild cases (low amplitude) this condition
maybe mistaken for fidgeting or restless movements of the
extremities, face, or trunk. - ANSWER-Chorea (A major cause
for this is due to Huntington's disease; an autosomal dominant
neurodegenerative disorder)
Muscle atrophy is caused by lesions in the ________ ________
__________. - ANSWER-Lower motor neuron
How do you test for muscle tone? What is the difference
between hypertonia and hypotonia? - ANSWER-Ask the patient
to relax then passively move each limb at several joints to get a
feeling for any resistance or rigidity that may be present.
Hyper: increased muscle tone
Hypo: decreased muscle tone
,What are the characteristics of a lower motor neuron injury?
What about upper? - ANSWER-Lower: hyporeflexia (reduced
reflexes)
Upper: hyperrflexia (increased relfexes) seen with corticospinal
lesions, caused by damage to pathways that travel in close
association with the corticospinal tract rather than direct
damage to the CS tract.
What is motor extinction? - ANSWER-Patient can't sense the
stimuli on the opposite side.
What are considered normal grades for the deep tendon
reflexes? - ANSWER-0: absent
1+: trace; or only seen with reinforcement
2+: normal
3+: brisk
4+: nonsustained clonus (repetitive vibratory movements)
5+: sustained clonus
Deep tendon reflexes are normal if they are 1+, 2+, or 3+ unless
they are asymmetric or there is a dramatic difference between
the arms and the legs. Reflexes rated as 0, 4+, or 5+ are usually
considered abnormal.
,What is Hoffmans sign? - ANSWER-Indicates heightened
reflexes involving the finger flexors
Holding the patient's middle finger and flicking it downward
causing the finger to extend slightly. If the thumb flexes or
adducts in response, this sign is positive.
What is a positive babinski sign? - ANSWER-dorsiflexion of the
big toe and fanning of all toes when running a pointed object
along the lateral border of the plantar aspect of the foot
*in healthy adults the toes will curl in
The _____________ ________ occurs in the absence of
descending inhibition. - ANSWER-Babinski sign
What additional reflexes may be present in someone with
suspected spinal cord damage? - ANSWER-Abdominal,
cutaneous, cremasteric, bulbocavernosus, and anal wink
What additional reflexes may be present in someone with
frontal lobe damage? - ANSWER-Reemergence of primitive
infant reflexes
, What is the difference between appendicular ataxia and truncal
ataxia? - ANSWER-Appendicular: affects movements of
extremities; caused by lesions of the cerebellar hemispheres
and pathway
Truncal: affects proximal musculature involved in gait stability;
caused by midline damage to cerebellar vermis and pathways
How do you test appendicular coordination? - ANSWER-Test
for overshoot and accuracy of movements
How do you test trunk coordination? - ANSWER-The Romberg
test: ask patient to stand with their feet together (touching each
other) and ask the patient to close their eyes
How do you test the sense of pain? - ANSWER-Alternate
between sharp and dull end of safety pin
How do you test sense of temperature? - ANSWER-Cool piece
of metal such as a tuning fork
How do you test the sense of vibration? - ANSWER-Place
tuning fork on a ball of foot and ask patient to tell you when the
vibration stops
