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Premise - Answers A fact, proposi on or statement from which a conclusion is made
Conclusion - Answers A statement or judgment that follows from one or more reasons.
Condi onal Reasoning - Answers A condi onal statement is, in its most easily recognized form,
an "if...then..." statement. The following is, for example, a condi onal statement. Condi onal
statements are also described in terms of sufficient and necessary condi ons.
Sufficient - Answers An event or circumstance whose occurrence indicates that a necessary
condi on must also occur.
Necessary - Answers An event or circumstance whose occurrence is required in order for a
sufficient condi on to occur.
Explain Sufficient Necessary - Answers If a sufficient condi on occurs, you automa cally know
that the necessary condi on also occurs. If a necessary condi on occurs, then it is possible that
the sufficient condi on will occur, but not certain.
Example of Sufficient Necessary - Answers Banging my shin on the table is all that is needed for
me to scream in pain (i.e. it is sufficient), so banging my shin is considered the sufficient
condi on. I cannot bang my shin on the table without screaming in pain (screaming necessarily
follows the banging of my shin), so screaming in pain is the necessary condi on. You should be
fine if you can simply remember that the antecedent (the phrase following the "if") is the
sufficient condi on for the consequent (the phrase following the "then") and the consequent is
the necessary condi on for the antecedent.
, Contra-posi ve - Answers a condi onal statement derived from another by nega ng and
interchanging antecedent and consequent
Premise Indicators - Answers Because
Since
For
For example
For that reason that In that
Given that
As indicated by
Due to
Owing to
This can be seen from
We know this by
Conclusion Indicators - Answers Thus
Therefore
Hence
Consequently
As a result
So
Accordingly
Clearly
Must be that
Shows that
,Conclude that
Follows that
For this reason
Thirteen Logical Reasoning Types - Answers 1. Must Be True / Most Supported
2. Main Point
3. Point at issue
4. Assump on
5. Jus fy the conclusion
6. Strengthen / support
7. Resolve the paradox
8. Weaken
9. Method of reasoning
10. Flaw in the reasoning
11. Parallel reasoning
12. Evaluate the argument
13. Cannot be true
Four Family Types - Answers 1. Prove
2. Help
3. Hurt
4. Disprove
Reasoning Types - Family - Prove - Answers a. Must Be True / Most Supported
b. Main Point
c. Point at issue
, d. Method of reasoning
e. Flaw in the reasoning
f. Parallel reasoning
Reasoning Types - Family - Help - Answers a. Assump on
b. Jus fy the conclusion
c. Strengthen / support
d. Resolve the paradox
Reasoning Types - Family - Hurt - Answers a. Weaken
Reasoning Types - Family - Disprove - Answers a. Cannot be true
Must Be True / Most Supported - Answers This category is simply known as "must be true".
Must be true ques ons ask you to iden fy the answer choice that is best proven by the
informa on in the s mulus. Ques on stem examples - "if the statements above are true, which
one of the following must also be true?" - which one of the following can be properly inferred
from the passage?"
Main Point - Answers Main Point ques ons are variant of Must Be True ques ons. As you
might expect, a main point ques on asks you to find the primary conclusion made by the
author. Ques on stem example - "the main point of the argument is that"
Point at issue - Answers Point at issue ques ons require you to iden fy a point of conten on
between two speakers, and thus these ques ons appear almost exclusively with two-speaker
s mulus. Ques on stem example: "larew and Mendota disagree about whether"