Pathophysiology Exam 1 Test Bank
2025–2026 | All Versions Questions &
Verified Answers PDF for Nursing and
Graduate Students
Lecture 1 - Genetics and Cancer
DNA - <<ANSWER>>- genetic material in the cell nucleus
- 3 parts
1. deoxyribose
2. phosphate molecule
3. 4 nitrogen bases
- each half of DNA is held together by weak hydrogen bond between the base
pairs (allows for splitting to replicate)
Nitrogen bases of DNA - <<ANSWER>>4 total
Pyrimidines: cytosine and thymine (uracil)
Purines: adenine and guanine
What cell does not have a nucleus? - <<ANSWER>>RBC
,Genes - <<ANSWER>>- fundamental unit of heredity
- found in chromosomes
- 3,000 - 5,000 base pairs long per gene
Chromosomes - <<ANSWER>>Coiled threads of DNA supported by histones (ball-
like proteins) in the cell nucleus (twist and wrap around a histone to protect from
breaking
- Human somatic cells = 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) (diploid)
- Gametes/Sex = 23 chromosomes (haploid)
- DNA is negative (phosphate base) and histones are positive (lysine on the tail) so
the polarity causes attraction
Nucleosome - <<ANSWER>>~8 histones wrapped with DNA
Chromatin - <<ANSWER>>packages of nucleosomes
DNA Synthesis by DNA Replication - <<ANSWER>>- DNA unwrapped from histone,
DNA untwist, weak hydrogen bond's break and open up, *DNA polymerase* reads
template and brings in new strand to match (opposites), this is how DNA is
replicated.
-VERY rare for this to mess up
DNA Synthesis vs. Transcription aka difference in DNA vs RNA - <<ANSWER>>-
mRNA uses RNA polymerase not DNA polymerase
,- mRNA uses Ribose not Deoxyribose
- mRNA uses Uracil base not Thymine
Steps of DNA Transcription - <<ANSWER>>Step 1 of Gene Expression
- RNA synthesized from DNA template
- *RNA Polymerase binds to promoter site*
- pre-mRNA is formed
- RNA polymerase detaches
- *splicosome* cuts out slices of pre-mRNA to extract exons (expressed gene)
which will leave the nucleus and go to the cytoplasm and ribosomes as RNA
(introns stay in cell)
Step 2 of gene expression/protein synthesis
- mRNA groups base pairs into 3's (ex UGG, AAA, GAU, UUC) AKA "codons"
- Codon's match up with Anti-codon = tRNA swimming around cytoplasm
- Ribosome helps match up codon's with paired anti-codon
tRNA has amino acid attached also, then we line up AA to create a string of AA
(held by peptide bond to)
- AA string together to make a polypeptide (protein)
- Ribosomes stop when reaching "stop codons" and start with "start codons"
which are non-coding RNA
Promoter site - <<ANSWER>>part of a DNA molecule that indicates where the
sequence of base pairs that makes up a gene begins
, DNA Translation (summary) - <<ANSWER>>DNA unwound, untwisted, pre-mRNA
comes in to match with gene, splicosome cuts the strand of pre-mRNA to remove
introns and allowing exons to leave nucleus as the new mRNA to head into
cytoplasm, to the ribosome, ribosome acknowledges start codon, codons match
with anticodon brought by tRNA, allowing attached AA to string together to create
a protein, and stop codon stops the process
---DNA makes more DNA (genes), RNA makes more proteins AKA expressing that
gene!!
Coding and Non-Coding - <<ANSWER>>- Only 2% of gene space is used for
coding/ building proteins
- Exon= coding space
- Intron=non-coding space/ spliced out of gene expression
- "Letter" change in exon more likely to result in mutation than"letter" change to
intron section
- If an error occurs (rare) - only really matters if exon material is wrong usually
because of intron, it won't be duplicated anyway
Bleeding Tendencies / Disorder - <<ANSWER>>- Bleeding disorders are more often
acquired than congenital (medication)
- 2 Inherited bleeding tendencies:
1. Hemophilia
2. Von WIllebrand
2025–2026 | All Versions Questions &
Verified Answers PDF for Nursing and
Graduate Students
Lecture 1 - Genetics and Cancer
DNA - <<ANSWER>>- genetic material in the cell nucleus
- 3 parts
1. deoxyribose
2. phosphate molecule
3. 4 nitrogen bases
- each half of DNA is held together by weak hydrogen bond between the base
pairs (allows for splitting to replicate)
Nitrogen bases of DNA - <<ANSWER>>4 total
Pyrimidines: cytosine and thymine (uracil)
Purines: adenine and guanine
What cell does not have a nucleus? - <<ANSWER>>RBC
,Genes - <<ANSWER>>- fundamental unit of heredity
- found in chromosomes
- 3,000 - 5,000 base pairs long per gene
Chromosomes - <<ANSWER>>Coiled threads of DNA supported by histones (ball-
like proteins) in the cell nucleus (twist and wrap around a histone to protect from
breaking
- Human somatic cells = 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) (diploid)
- Gametes/Sex = 23 chromosomes (haploid)
- DNA is negative (phosphate base) and histones are positive (lysine on the tail) so
the polarity causes attraction
Nucleosome - <<ANSWER>>~8 histones wrapped with DNA
Chromatin - <<ANSWER>>packages of nucleosomes
DNA Synthesis by DNA Replication - <<ANSWER>>- DNA unwrapped from histone,
DNA untwist, weak hydrogen bond's break and open up, *DNA polymerase* reads
template and brings in new strand to match (opposites), this is how DNA is
replicated.
-VERY rare for this to mess up
DNA Synthesis vs. Transcription aka difference in DNA vs RNA - <<ANSWER>>-
mRNA uses RNA polymerase not DNA polymerase
,- mRNA uses Ribose not Deoxyribose
- mRNA uses Uracil base not Thymine
Steps of DNA Transcription - <<ANSWER>>Step 1 of Gene Expression
- RNA synthesized from DNA template
- *RNA Polymerase binds to promoter site*
- pre-mRNA is formed
- RNA polymerase detaches
- *splicosome* cuts out slices of pre-mRNA to extract exons (expressed gene)
which will leave the nucleus and go to the cytoplasm and ribosomes as RNA
(introns stay in cell)
Step 2 of gene expression/protein synthesis
- mRNA groups base pairs into 3's (ex UGG, AAA, GAU, UUC) AKA "codons"
- Codon's match up with Anti-codon = tRNA swimming around cytoplasm
- Ribosome helps match up codon's with paired anti-codon
tRNA has amino acid attached also, then we line up AA to create a string of AA
(held by peptide bond to)
- AA string together to make a polypeptide (protein)
- Ribosomes stop when reaching "stop codons" and start with "start codons"
which are non-coding RNA
Promoter site - <<ANSWER>>part of a DNA molecule that indicates where the
sequence of base pairs that makes up a gene begins
, DNA Translation (summary) - <<ANSWER>>DNA unwound, untwisted, pre-mRNA
comes in to match with gene, splicosome cuts the strand of pre-mRNA to remove
introns and allowing exons to leave nucleus as the new mRNA to head into
cytoplasm, to the ribosome, ribosome acknowledges start codon, codons match
with anticodon brought by tRNA, allowing attached AA to string together to create
a protein, and stop codon stops the process
---DNA makes more DNA (genes), RNA makes more proteins AKA expressing that
gene!!
Coding and Non-Coding - <<ANSWER>>- Only 2% of gene space is used for
coding/ building proteins
- Exon= coding space
- Intron=non-coding space/ spliced out of gene expression
- "Letter" change in exon more likely to result in mutation than"letter" change to
intron section
- If an error occurs (rare) - only really matters if exon material is wrong usually
because of intron, it won't be duplicated anyway
Bleeding Tendencies / Disorder - <<ANSWER>>- Bleeding disorders are more often
acquired than congenital (medication)
- 2 Inherited bleeding tendencies:
1. Hemophilia
2. Von WIllebrand
