,ThisApageAintentionallyAleftAblank
, THIRD EDITION
SOIL MECHANICS AND
FOUNDATIONS
MUNI BUDHU
A
Professor,ADepartmentAofACivilAEngineeringA&AEngineeringAMechani
csAUniversityAofAArizona
JOHNAWILEYA&ASONS,AINC.
, VICEAPRESIDENTAANDAEXECUTIVEAPUBLISHER DonAFowley
ACQUISITIONSAEDITOR JenniferAWelter
EDITORIALAASSISTANT AlexandraASpicehandler
PRODUCTIONASERVICESAMANAGER DorothyASinclair
SENIORAPRODUCTIONAEDITOR JanetAFoxman
EXECUTIVEAMARKETINGAMANAGER ChristopherARuel
EXECUTIVEAMEDIAAEDITOR TomAKulesa
CREATIVEADIRECTOR HarryANolan
DESIGNER WendyALai
PHOTOAEDITOR SheenaAGoldstein
SENIORAILLUSTRATIONAEDITOR AnnaAMelhorn
PRODUCTIONASERVICES BrendanAShort/Aptara
COVERAIMAGE ©AHansAPfletschinger/PeterAArnoldAImages/Photolibrary
ThisAbookAwasAsetAinA10/12ATimesATenALTAStdAbyAAptara®,AInc.AandAprintedAandAboundAbyAHamiltonAPrintingACompany.ATheAcoverA
wasAprintedAbyAHamiltonAPrintingACompany.
ThisAbookAisAprintedAonAacid-freeApaper.AA∞
FoundedAinA1807,AJohnAWileyA&ASons,AInc.AhasAbeenAaAvaluedAsourceAofAknowledgeAandAunderstandingAforAmoreAthanA200Ayears,
helpingApeopleAaroundAtheAworldAmeetAtheirAneedsAandAfulfillAtheirAaspirations.AOurAcompanyAisAbuiltAonAaAfoundationAofAprinciplesAthat
AincludeAresponsibilityAtoAtheAcommunitiesAweAserveAandAwhereAweAliveAandAwork.AInA2008,AweAlaunchedAaACorporateACitizenshipAIniti
ative,AaAglobalAeffortAtoAaddressAtheAenvironmental,Asocial,Aeconomic,AandAethicalAchallengesAweAfaceAinAourAbusiness.AAmongAtheAissue
sAweAareAaddressingAareAcarbonAimpact,ApaperAspecificationsAandAprocurement,AethicalAconductAwithinAourAbusinessAandAamongAourAven
dors,AandAcommunityAandAcharitableAsupport.AForAmoreAinformation,ApleaseAvisitAourAwebsite:Awww.wiley.com/go/citizenship.
CopyrightA©A2011,A2007,A2000AJohnAWileyA&ASons,AInc.AAllArightsAreserved.ANoApartAofAthisApublicationAmayAbeAreproduced,Astored
AinAaAretrievalAsystemAorAtransmittedAinAanyAformAorAbyAanyAmeans,Aelectronic,Amechanical,Aphotocopying,Arecording,AscanningAorAot
herwise,AexceptAasApermittedAunderASectionsA107AorA108AofAtheA1976AUnitedAStatesACopyrightAAct,AwithoutAeitherAtheApriorAwrittenA
permissionAofAtheAPublisher,AorAauthorizationAthroughApaymentAofAtheAappropriateAper-
copyAfeeAtoAtheACopyrightAClearanceACenter,AInc.,A222ARosewoodADrive,ADanvers,AMAA01923,AwebsiteAwww.copyright.com.ARequests
AtoAtheAPublisherAforApermissionAshouldAbeAaddressedAtoAtheAPermissionsADepartment,AJohnAWileyA&ASons,AInc.,A111ARiverAStreet,A
Hoboken,ANJA07030-5774,A(201)A748-6011,Afax
748-6008,AwebsiteAwww.wiley.com/go/permissions.
EvaluationAcopiesAareAprovidedAtoAqualifiedAacademicsAandAprofessionalsAforAreviewApurposesAonly,AforAuseAinAtheirAcoursesAduring
AtheAnextAacademicAyear.ATheseAcopiesAareAlicensedAandAmayAnotAbeAsoldAorAtransferredAtoAaAthirdAparty.AUponAcompletionAofAtheA
reviewAperiod,ApleaseAreturnAtheAevaluationAcopyAtoAWiley.AReturnAinstructionsAandAaAfreeAofAchargeAreturnAshippingAlabelAareAavai
lableAatAwww.wiley.com/go/returnlabel.AOutsideAofAtheAUnitedAStates,ApleaseAcontactAyourAlocalArepresentative.
LibraryAofACongressACataloging-in-PublicationAData
Budhu,AM.
SoilAmechanicsAandAfoundationsA/AMuniABudhu.—3rdAed.
p.Acm.
IncludesAbibliographicalAreferences.
ISBNA978-0-470-55684-9A(hardback)
SoilAmechanics.A2.AFoundations.AI.ATitle.AT
A710.B765A2010
624.1'5136—dc22
2010023265
PrintedAinAtheAUnitedAStatesAofAAmerica
10987654321
, THIRD EDITION
SOIL MECHANICS AND
FOUNDATIONS
MUNI BUDHU
A
Professor,ADepartmentAofACivilAEngineeringA&AEngineeringAMechani
csAUniversityAofAArizona
JOHNAWILEYA&ASONS,AINC.
, VICEAPRESIDENTAANDAEXECUTIVEAPUBLISHER DonAFowley
ACQUISITIONSAEDITOR JenniferAWelter
EDITORIALAASSISTANT AlexandraASpicehandler
PRODUCTIONASERVICESAMANAGER DorothyASinclair
SENIORAPRODUCTIONAEDITOR JanetAFoxman
EXECUTIVEAMARKETINGAMANAGER ChristopherARuel
EXECUTIVEAMEDIAAEDITOR TomAKulesa
CREATIVEADIRECTOR HarryANolan
DESIGNER WendyALai
PHOTOAEDITOR SheenaAGoldstein
SENIORAILLUSTRATIONAEDITOR AnnaAMelhorn
PRODUCTIONASERVICES BrendanAShort/Aptara
COVERAIMAGE ©AHansAPfletschinger/PeterAArnoldAImages/Photolibrary
ThisAbookAwasAsetAinA10/12ATimesATenALTAStdAbyAAptara®,AInc.AandAprintedAandAboundAbyAHamiltonAPrintingACompany.ATheAcoverA
wasAprintedAbyAHamiltonAPrintingACompany.
ThisAbookAisAprintedAonAacid-freeApaper.AA∞
FoundedAinA1807,AJohnAWileyA&ASons,AInc.AhasAbeenAaAvaluedAsourceAofAknowledgeAandAunderstandingAforAmoreAthanA200Ayears,
helpingApeopleAaroundAtheAworldAmeetAtheirAneedsAandAfulfillAtheirAaspirations.AOurAcompanyAisAbuiltAonAaAfoundationAofAprinciplesAthat
AincludeAresponsibilityAtoAtheAcommunitiesAweAserveAandAwhereAweAliveAandAwork.AInA2008,AweAlaunchedAaACorporateACitizenshipAIniti
ative,AaAglobalAeffortAtoAaddressAtheAenvironmental,Asocial,Aeconomic,AandAethicalAchallengesAweAfaceAinAourAbusiness.AAmongAtheAissue
sAweAareAaddressingAareAcarbonAimpact,ApaperAspecificationsAandAprocurement,AethicalAconductAwithinAourAbusinessAandAamongAourAven
dors,AandAcommunityAandAcharitableAsupport.AForAmoreAinformation,ApleaseAvisitAourAwebsite:Awww.wiley.com/go/citizenship.
CopyrightA©A2011,A2007,A2000AJohnAWileyA&ASons,AInc.AAllArightsAreserved.ANoApartAofAthisApublicationAmayAbeAreproduced,Astored
AinAaAretrievalAsystemAorAtransmittedAinAanyAformAorAbyAanyAmeans,Aelectronic,Amechanical,Aphotocopying,Arecording,AscanningAorAot
herwise,AexceptAasApermittedAunderASectionsA107AorA108AofAtheA1976AUnitedAStatesACopyrightAAct,AwithoutAeitherAtheApriorAwrittenA
permissionAofAtheAPublisher,AorAauthorizationAthroughApaymentAofAtheAappropriateAper-
copyAfeeAtoAtheACopyrightAClearanceACenter,AInc.,A222ARosewoodADrive,ADanvers,AMAA01923,AwebsiteAwww.copyright.com.ARequests
AtoAtheAPublisherAforApermissionAshouldAbeAaddressedAtoAtheAPermissionsADepartment,AJohnAWileyA&ASons,AInc.,A111ARiverAStreet,A
Hoboken,ANJA07030-5774,A(201)A748-6011,Afax
748-6008,AwebsiteAwww.wiley.com/go/permissions.
EvaluationAcopiesAareAprovidedAtoAqualifiedAacademicsAandAprofessionalsAforAreviewApurposesAonly,AforAuseAinAtheirAcoursesAduring
AtheAnextAacademicAyear.ATheseAcopiesAareAlicensedAandAmayAnotAbeAsoldAorAtransferredAtoAaAthirdAparty.AUponAcompletionAofAtheA
reviewAperiod,ApleaseAreturnAtheAevaluationAcopyAtoAWiley.AReturnAinstructionsAandAaAfreeAofAchargeAreturnAshippingAlabelAareAavai
lableAatAwww.wiley.com/go/returnlabel.AOutsideAofAtheAUnitedAStates,ApleaseAcontactAyourAlocalArepresentative.
LibraryAofACongressACataloging-in-PublicationAData
Budhu,AM.
SoilAmechanicsAandAfoundationsA/AMuniABudhu.—3rdAed.
p.Acm.
IncludesAbibliographicalAreferences.
ISBNA978-0-470-55684-9A(hardback)
SoilAmechanics.A2.AFoundations.AI.ATitle.AT
A710.B765A2010
624.1'5136—dc22
2010023265
PrintedAinAtheAUnitedAStatesAofAAmerica
10987654321