Penn Foster A&P 2 Proctored
Exam Questions with correct
Answers
RBC:
-lacks a nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes
-contains water, hemoglobin, and other structural elements
-biconcave disk
-transport oxygen to tissues
-transport carbon dioxide to lungs
-maintain cell shape and deformability
WBC:
-larger than RBC
5 types:
-granulocytes
basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils
-agranulocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
-provide defense for body against foreign invaders
✅✅
-phagocytosis
-immunity - -Describe the structure and function of each mature blood
cell
-heme is the pigmented portion of hemoglobin
-each heme unit contains an iron atom to which one O2 molecule can
attach (can carry 4 O2 molecules)
✅✅
-hemoglobin attached to oxygen: oxyhemoglobin
-hemoglobin gives up oxygen: deoxyhemoglobin - -Describe the
structure of a hemoglobin molecule
-destruction of RBC outside cardiovascular system
-RBC removed from circulation by macrophages in spleen
-hemoglobin is released and degraded into AA's, iron, and heme
-AA's are returned to liver to build more proteins
-iron is transported to bone marrow to be recycled to make new RBC
✅✅
-heme is further broken down into free or unconjugated bilirubin -
-Explain the fate of hemoglobin following extravascular hemolysis
,✅✅
-the complex travels to macrophages in liver for further breakdown -
-Explain the fate of hemoglobin following intravascular hemolysis
-packed cell volume (PCV) or hematocrit (HCT)
-automated analyzers and gross examination of a centrifuged
microhematocrit tube
-volume of packed RBS measured and expressed as a percentage of total
volume of blood
-3 layer
plasma
✅✅
buffy layer (WBC and platelets)
RBCs - -List and describe the blood parameters of the CBC
-rapid blood loss
-severe anemia
-coagulation factor deficiency
-lower than normal plasma protein
-thrombocytopenia
increase the oxygen-carry capacity of blood
✅✅
replace coagulation factors and other proteins
replace blood volume - -Describe the indications and 3 goals of
transfusion therapy
system of ducts and fluid lymph
-system picks up fluid leaked from capillaries
-lymph ducts carry lymph to blood vessels near heart
-lymph is put back into bloodstream
system of lymphoid organs and tissues:
primary organs (thymus, bursa of Fabricius, Peyer's patches)
-fxns to regulate the lymphocyte maturation as animal develops
secondary system (spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils)
-main fxn is to trap and process antigens and mature lymphocytes that
✅✅
mediate immune responses
-enlarge in response to antigen stimulation - -Describe the 2 parts of
the lymphatic system and the functions of each part
starts out as excessive tissue fluid
capillaries in tissue join to form larger vessels to propel lymph towards
,-erythrocytes (RBC)
✅✅-Describe the composition of blood
-leukocytes (WBC)
-thrombocytes (platelets) -
transport:
-oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products, hormones, platelets
regulation:
-body temp, tissue fluid content, blood pH
✅✅-Describe the functions of blood
defense system:
-white cells phagocytosis, platelets -
plasma:
-primarily water in which various solutes are dissolved (91%)
-7% proteins: albumin, globulins, fibrinogens
-2% ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, regulatory substances
***Whole blood - cells = plasma
✅✅-Explain the difference
serum:
plasma - coagulation factors = serum -
between plasma and serum
Three types of blood cells found in the body are
erythrocytes (red blood cells)
leukocytes (white blood cells)
thrombocytes (platelets).
Hematopoiesis is defined as the production of all blood cells as a
continuous process throughout the animal's life. Hematopoiesis is a
process that takes place in red bone marrow. All blood cells are derived
from a single primitive stem cell known as the pluripotential or multipotential
stem cell, this cell has the potential to replicate and differentiate into many
different unipotential stem cells. The unipotential stem cells mature through
their individual maturation process; erythropoiesis, leukopoiesis, and
thrombopoiesis.
Erythropoiesis- Production of red blood cells (RBCs) start from the
unipotential stem cell, then divide into proerythroblasts until they lose their
nuclei and stop multiplying. They then begin to start producing hemoglobin.
, -spleen
-lymphatic system
✅✅
-lymph nodes, MALT, tonsils, Peyer's Patches, thymus
-red bone marrow - -External Innate Immunity
-body tries to control infection through acute inflammation
✅✅
-phagocytes, NK cells, interferons, complement receptors, and PRRs play
a role in inflammation response - -Internal Innate Immunity
-target specific pathogens or antigens
-slower to respond
-specific
-has memory
✅✅
-uses antibodies, memory cells, plasma cells, B and T lymphocytes
-not present at birth - -Adaptive Immune System
-WBC
-lymph nodes
-spleen
-thymus
✅✅
-tonsils
-GALT - -What are the structures of the immune system?
✅✅-White Blood Cells
-red bone marrow produces wbc
-soldiers of immune response -
-responsible for lymph filtration as it travels back to the systemic circulation
✅✅
-aids in determining the location of an inflammation response, infection, or
tumor - -Lymph Nodes
-largest internal organ with immunological functions
-white pulp has immunological functions
✅✅
-macrophages in red pulp remove worn, damaged blood cells -
-Spleen
-lymphoid tissue found in young animals
-T lymphocytes mature in the thymus and migrate to other lymphoid tissues
in the body
✅✅
-T lymphocytes are programmed to fight specific antigens
-produce throughout an animals life - -Thymus
Exam Questions with correct
Answers
RBC:
-lacks a nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes
-contains water, hemoglobin, and other structural elements
-biconcave disk
-transport oxygen to tissues
-transport carbon dioxide to lungs
-maintain cell shape and deformability
WBC:
-larger than RBC
5 types:
-granulocytes
basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils
-agranulocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
-provide defense for body against foreign invaders
✅✅
-phagocytosis
-immunity - -Describe the structure and function of each mature blood
cell
-heme is the pigmented portion of hemoglobin
-each heme unit contains an iron atom to which one O2 molecule can
attach (can carry 4 O2 molecules)
✅✅
-hemoglobin attached to oxygen: oxyhemoglobin
-hemoglobin gives up oxygen: deoxyhemoglobin - -Describe the
structure of a hemoglobin molecule
-destruction of RBC outside cardiovascular system
-RBC removed from circulation by macrophages in spleen
-hemoglobin is released and degraded into AA's, iron, and heme
-AA's are returned to liver to build more proteins
-iron is transported to bone marrow to be recycled to make new RBC
✅✅
-heme is further broken down into free or unconjugated bilirubin -
-Explain the fate of hemoglobin following extravascular hemolysis
,✅✅
-the complex travels to macrophages in liver for further breakdown -
-Explain the fate of hemoglobin following intravascular hemolysis
-packed cell volume (PCV) or hematocrit (HCT)
-automated analyzers and gross examination of a centrifuged
microhematocrit tube
-volume of packed RBS measured and expressed as a percentage of total
volume of blood
-3 layer
plasma
✅✅
buffy layer (WBC and platelets)
RBCs - -List and describe the blood parameters of the CBC
-rapid blood loss
-severe anemia
-coagulation factor deficiency
-lower than normal plasma protein
-thrombocytopenia
increase the oxygen-carry capacity of blood
✅✅
replace coagulation factors and other proteins
replace blood volume - -Describe the indications and 3 goals of
transfusion therapy
system of ducts and fluid lymph
-system picks up fluid leaked from capillaries
-lymph ducts carry lymph to blood vessels near heart
-lymph is put back into bloodstream
system of lymphoid organs and tissues:
primary organs (thymus, bursa of Fabricius, Peyer's patches)
-fxns to regulate the lymphocyte maturation as animal develops
secondary system (spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils)
-main fxn is to trap and process antigens and mature lymphocytes that
✅✅
mediate immune responses
-enlarge in response to antigen stimulation - -Describe the 2 parts of
the lymphatic system and the functions of each part
starts out as excessive tissue fluid
capillaries in tissue join to form larger vessels to propel lymph towards
,-erythrocytes (RBC)
✅✅-Describe the composition of blood
-leukocytes (WBC)
-thrombocytes (platelets) -
transport:
-oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products, hormones, platelets
regulation:
-body temp, tissue fluid content, blood pH
✅✅-Describe the functions of blood
defense system:
-white cells phagocytosis, platelets -
plasma:
-primarily water in which various solutes are dissolved (91%)
-7% proteins: albumin, globulins, fibrinogens
-2% ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, regulatory substances
***Whole blood - cells = plasma
✅✅-Explain the difference
serum:
plasma - coagulation factors = serum -
between plasma and serum
Three types of blood cells found in the body are
erythrocytes (red blood cells)
leukocytes (white blood cells)
thrombocytes (platelets).
Hematopoiesis is defined as the production of all blood cells as a
continuous process throughout the animal's life. Hematopoiesis is a
process that takes place in red bone marrow. All blood cells are derived
from a single primitive stem cell known as the pluripotential or multipotential
stem cell, this cell has the potential to replicate and differentiate into many
different unipotential stem cells. The unipotential stem cells mature through
their individual maturation process; erythropoiesis, leukopoiesis, and
thrombopoiesis.
Erythropoiesis- Production of red blood cells (RBCs) start from the
unipotential stem cell, then divide into proerythroblasts until they lose their
nuclei and stop multiplying. They then begin to start producing hemoglobin.
, -spleen
-lymphatic system
✅✅
-lymph nodes, MALT, tonsils, Peyer's Patches, thymus
-red bone marrow - -External Innate Immunity
-body tries to control infection through acute inflammation
✅✅
-phagocytes, NK cells, interferons, complement receptors, and PRRs play
a role in inflammation response - -Internal Innate Immunity
-target specific pathogens or antigens
-slower to respond
-specific
-has memory
✅✅
-uses antibodies, memory cells, plasma cells, B and T lymphocytes
-not present at birth - -Adaptive Immune System
-WBC
-lymph nodes
-spleen
-thymus
✅✅
-tonsils
-GALT - -What are the structures of the immune system?
✅✅-White Blood Cells
-red bone marrow produces wbc
-soldiers of immune response -
-responsible for lymph filtration as it travels back to the systemic circulation
✅✅
-aids in determining the location of an inflammation response, infection, or
tumor - -Lymph Nodes
-largest internal organ with immunological functions
-white pulp has immunological functions
✅✅
-macrophages in red pulp remove worn, damaged blood cells -
-Spleen
-lymphoid tissue found in young animals
-T lymphocytes mature in the thymus and migrate to other lymphoid tissues
in the body
✅✅
-T lymphocytes are programmed to fight specific antigens
-produce throughout an animals life - -Thymus
