Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 1 - Modules 1, 2, 3 Latest Update With Complete Solutions {2025|2026}

Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 1 -
Modules 1, 2, 3 Latest Update With
Complete Solutions {2025|2026}
pH range CORRECT ANSWERS 7.35-7.45

PaCO2 range CORRECT ANSWERS 35-45

HCO3 range CORRECT ANSWERS 22-26

changes in CO2 excretion CORRECT ANSWERS respiratory

changes in HCO3 excretion or retention CORRECT ANSWERS metabolic

Causes of respiratory acidosis CORRECT ANSWERS Hypoventilation
Sleep apnea
CNS depressants (opioid, alcohol, benzos)
Impaired gas exchange: pneumonia, pulmonary edema, COPD, asthma

Clinical manifestations of respiratory acidosis CORRECT ANSWERS Rapid, shallow
respirations
Drowsiness, dizziness, disorientation
Headache
Hyperkalemia

Causes of respiratory alkalosis CORRECT ANSWERS Prolonged hyperventilation is
most common

Clinical manifestations of respiratory alkalosis CORRECT ANSWERS Seizures
Tachycardia
Numb/tingling extremities
Lethargy
Confusion

Causes of metabolic acidosis CORRECT ANSWERS Severe diarrhea
Renal Failure
Shock
Cardiac arrest
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Changes in potassium levels
*Watch for seizure activity*

Clinical Manifestations of metabolic acidosis CORRECT ANSWERS Hyperkalemia

, Hypotension
Shock
Coma

Causes of metabolic alkalosis CORRECT ANSWERS Excessive vomiting
Excessive NG suction (stomach pump)

Clinical manifestations of metabolic alkalosis CORRECT ANSWERS Tremors/muscle
cramps
Tingling fingers/toes
Vomiting/nausea
Restlessness followed by lethargy

Potassium range and main function CORRECT ANSWERS 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Electrical conduction in heart

Causes of hyperkalemia CORRECT ANSWERS Renal Failure
Addison's disease
Insulin deficiency
Metabolic acidosis
Massive trauma
NSAIDS (ibuprofen, aspirin)

Signs/symptoms of hyperkalemia CORRECT ANSWERS Muscle cramps
Paresthesia (tingling/numb)
Bradycardia
EKG changes
Cardiac arrest/arrhythmias

Causes of hypokalemia CORRECT ANSWERS Vomit/diarrhea
Laxative/diuretic use
Malnutrition
Alkalosis
Excess insulin

Signs and symptoms of hypokalemia CORRECT ANSWERS Hyporeflexia
Hypotension
*Cardiac arrhythmias*
Cardiac arrest

Sodium range and main function CORRECT ANSWERS 135-145 mEq/L
Water balance - regulated by kidneys and aldosterone

Causes of hypernatremia CORRECT ANSWERS Excessive sodium intake
Inadequate water intake
Excessive water loss/sweating