,CHAPTER 1: Evolution of Nursing Thought &
Action
Key Concept: Full-spectrum nursing model (preventive →
restorative → palliative)
Question Stem: A nurse applying the full-spectrum nursing model
to a patient with COPD should prioritize interventions that best
align with which care domain? (65 y/o with chronic dyspnea,
frequent exacerbations).
A. Restorative care
B. Preventive care
C. Palliative care
D. Acute emergent care
Correct Answer: A
Rationales:
• Correct (A): Restorative care focuses on maximizing function
and managing chronic conditions like COPD to reduce
exacerbations and improve quality of life, matching full-
spectrum nursing principles. (Capriotti, Davis Advantage
Pathophysiology, 3rd Ed., Chapter 1 — Nursing Today: Full-
Spectrum Nursing).
• Incorrect (B): Preventive care aims to reduce disease onset;
while important (e.g., smoking cessation), the patient already
has chronic disease requiring restorative strategies.
• Incorrect (C): Palliative care focuses on symptom relief near
end of life; it may be appropriate later but is not the initial
priority for restorative management.
• Incorrect (D): Acute emergent care addresses immediate life-
threatening events (e.g., respiratory failure) and is not the
ongoing domain for chronic management.
,Teaching Point: Full-spectrum nursing links preventive,
restorative, and palliative care across chronic disease
management.
2
Chapter & Subtopic: Chapter 1 — Historical Leaders Who
Advanced the Profession of Nursing
Key Concept: Influence of nursing leaders on standards, evidence-
based practice, and public health
Question Stem: Which historical nursing leader best exemplified
using data to improve infection control and hospital sanitary
conditions?
A. Mary Seacole
B. Florence Nightingale
C. Clara Barton
D. Lillian Wald
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Florence Nightingale used systematic data
collection and sanitation measures to reduce infection and
mortality, establishing early evidence-based public health
nursing. (Capriotti, Davis Advantage Pathophysiology, 3rd
Ed., Chapter 1 — Historical Leaders).
• Incorrect (A): Mary Seacole provided nursing during the
Crimean War but is not primarily associated with systematic
statistical reform.
• Incorrect (C): Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross
and focused on disaster relief rather than hospital sanitary
statistics.
• Incorrect (D): Lillian Wald pioneered public health nursing
, and social reform, but Nightingale is the classic figure for
data-driven sanitary reform.
Teaching Point: Florence Nightingale advanced nursing through
data, sanitation, and early epidemiologic methods.
3
Chapter & Subtopic: Chapter 1 — How Is Nursing Defined?
Key Concept: Nursing roles: assessment, diagnosis, outcome
identification, planning, implementation, evaluation
Question Stem: A nurse documents patient assessment,
formulates nursing diagnoses, and evaluates outcomes. Which
statement best reflects how nursing is defined?
A. Nursing is limited to physician orders execution.
B. Nursing is a holistic, independent and collaborative profession
focused on human responses.
C. Nursing focuses solely on technical procedures and
medications.
D. Nursing is exclusively administrative and policy work.
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Nursing encompasses independent and
collaborative care addressing human responses to health
problems, including assessment, diagnosis, interventions,
and evaluation. (Capriotti, Davis Advantage Pathophysiology,
3rd Ed., Chapter 1 — How Is Nursing Defined?).
• Incorrect (A): Executing physician orders is part of nursing
but does not capture nursing’s independent clinical
reasoning role.
• Incorrect (C): Technical skills are essential but nursing also
includes assessment, education, advocacy, and clinical
Action
Key Concept: Full-spectrum nursing model (preventive →
restorative → palliative)
Question Stem: A nurse applying the full-spectrum nursing model
to a patient with COPD should prioritize interventions that best
align with which care domain? (65 y/o with chronic dyspnea,
frequent exacerbations).
A. Restorative care
B. Preventive care
C. Palliative care
D. Acute emergent care
Correct Answer: A
Rationales:
• Correct (A): Restorative care focuses on maximizing function
and managing chronic conditions like COPD to reduce
exacerbations and improve quality of life, matching full-
spectrum nursing principles. (Capriotti, Davis Advantage
Pathophysiology, 3rd Ed., Chapter 1 — Nursing Today: Full-
Spectrum Nursing).
• Incorrect (B): Preventive care aims to reduce disease onset;
while important (e.g., smoking cessation), the patient already
has chronic disease requiring restorative strategies.
• Incorrect (C): Palliative care focuses on symptom relief near
end of life; it may be appropriate later but is not the initial
priority for restorative management.
• Incorrect (D): Acute emergent care addresses immediate life-
threatening events (e.g., respiratory failure) and is not the
ongoing domain for chronic management.
,Teaching Point: Full-spectrum nursing links preventive,
restorative, and palliative care across chronic disease
management.
2
Chapter & Subtopic: Chapter 1 — Historical Leaders Who
Advanced the Profession of Nursing
Key Concept: Influence of nursing leaders on standards, evidence-
based practice, and public health
Question Stem: Which historical nursing leader best exemplified
using data to improve infection control and hospital sanitary
conditions?
A. Mary Seacole
B. Florence Nightingale
C. Clara Barton
D. Lillian Wald
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Florence Nightingale used systematic data
collection and sanitation measures to reduce infection and
mortality, establishing early evidence-based public health
nursing. (Capriotti, Davis Advantage Pathophysiology, 3rd
Ed., Chapter 1 — Historical Leaders).
• Incorrect (A): Mary Seacole provided nursing during the
Crimean War but is not primarily associated with systematic
statistical reform.
• Incorrect (C): Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross
and focused on disaster relief rather than hospital sanitary
statistics.
• Incorrect (D): Lillian Wald pioneered public health nursing
, and social reform, but Nightingale is the classic figure for
data-driven sanitary reform.
Teaching Point: Florence Nightingale advanced nursing through
data, sanitation, and early epidemiologic methods.
3
Chapter & Subtopic: Chapter 1 — How Is Nursing Defined?
Key Concept: Nursing roles: assessment, diagnosis, outcome
identification, planning, implementation, evaluation
Question Stem: A nurse documents patient assessment,
formulates nursing diagnoses, and evaluates outcomes. Which
statement best reflects how nursing is defined?
A. Nursing is limited to physician orders execution.
B. Nursing is a holistic, independent and collaborative profession
focused on human responses.
C. Nursing focuses solely on technical procedures and
medications.
D. Nursing is exclusively administrative and policy work.
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Nursing encompasses independent and
collaborative care addressing human responses to health
problems, including assessment, diagnosis, interventions,
and evaluation. (Capriotti, Davis Advantage Pathophysiology,
3rd Ed., Chapter 1 — How Is Nursing Defined?).
• Incorrect (A): Executing physician orders is part of nursing
but does not capture nursing’s independent clinical
reasoning role.
• Incorrect (C): Technical skills are essential but nursing also
includes assessment, education, advocacy, and clinical
