TEST BANK A Concise Introduction to Logic
14th Edition by Hurley
Chapter 1 to 14
TEST BANK
,TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part I: INFORMAL LOGIC.
1. Basic Concepts.
Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions. Exercise. Recognizing Arguments. Exercise. Deduction and Induction. Exercise. Valid
Truth, Soundness, Strength, Cogency. Exercise. Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity. Exercise. Extended Arguments. Exercise.
2. Language: Meaning and Definition.
Varieties of Meaning. Exercise. The Intension and Extension of Terms. Exercise. Definitions and Their Purposes. Exerc
Definitional Techniques. Exercise. Criteria for Lexical Definitions. Exercise.
3. Informal Fallacies.
Fallacies in General. Exercise. Fallacies of Relevance. Exercise. Fallacies of Weak Induction. Exercise. Fallacies of Presumpt
Ambiguity, and Illicit Transference. Exercise. Fallacies in Ordinary Language. Exercise.
Part II: FORMAL LOGIC.
4. Categorical Propositions.
The Components of Categorical Propositions. Exercise. Quality, Quantity, and Distribution. Exercise. Venn Diagrams and
Modern Square of Opposition. Exercise. Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition. Exercise. The Traditional Square
Opposition. Exercise. Venn Diagrams and the Traditional Standpoint. Exercise. Translating Ordinary Language Statements i
Categorical Form. Exercise.
5. Categorical Syllogisms.
Standard Form, Mood, and Figure. Exercise. Venn Diagrams. Exercise. Rules and Fallacies. Exercise. Reducing the Number
Terms. Exercise. Ordinary Language Arguments. Exercise. Enthymemes. Exercise. Sorites. Exercise.
6. Propositional Logic.
Symbols and Translation. Exercise. Truth Functions. Exercise. Truth Tables for Propositions. Exercise. Truth Tables for Argume
Exercise. Indirect Truth Tables. Exercise. Argument Forms and Fallacies. Exercise.
7. Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic.
Rules of Implication I. Exercise. Rules of Implication II. Exercise. Rules of Replacement I. Exercise. Rules of Replacement
Exercise. Conditional Proof. Exercise. Indirect Proof. Exercise. Proving Logical Truths. Exercise.
8. Predicate Logic.
Symbols and Translation. Exercise. Using the Rules of Inference. Exercise. Quantifier Negation Rule. Exercise. Conditional a
Indirect Proof. Exercise. Proving Invalidity. Exercise. Relational Predicates and Overlapping Quantifiers. Exercise. Ident
Exercise.
Part III: INDUCTIVE LOGIC.
9. Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning.
Analogical Reasoning. Legal Reasoning. Moral Reasoning. Exercise.
10. Causality and Mill's Methods.
,"Cause" and Necessary and Sufficient Conditions. Mill's Five Methods. Mill's Methods and Science. Exercise.
11. Probability.
Theories of Probability. The Probability Calculus. Exercise.
12. Statistical Reasoning.
Evaluating Statistics. Samples. The Meaning of "Average." Dispersion. Graphs and Pictograms. Percentages. Exercise.
13. Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning.
The Hypothetical Method. Hypothetical Reasoning: Four Examples from Science. The Proof of Hypotheses. The Tentat
Acceptance of Hypotheses. Exercise.
14. Science and Superstition.
Distinguishing Between Science and Superstition. Evidentiary Support. Objectivity. Integrity. Abusing Science. Exercise.
Answers to Selected Exercises.
, Chapter 1 Test A
MULTIPLE CHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments
and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are
working
more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years ago a
typical
woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an activity
considered
unpleasant.
c. Today,
Argument; with men
conclusion: working
Forty years less,
ago the gap
... an is 90 considered
activity minutes and growing.
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
unpleasant.
b. Argument;
d. Nonargument.
conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
e. ANS:
Argument;
D conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxing
less. PTS: 2
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces other
metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate blood
pressure
(which can cause development delays in children and high blood pressure in adults), heme
production
(which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions
that Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
a.
transmit
b. electrical
Argument; impulsesLead
conclusion: in theis brain,
toxic. which diminishes the ability to think and recall information.
c. Nonargument. Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry"
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical
reactions.
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall information.
ANS: C PTS: 2
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to
choose the
proper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that extremes of
emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical wisdom who
have
the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that theyCooper,
David have theValue
capacity to follow
Pluralism the "right
and Ethical Choice
rule"Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
a.
whatever
b. the situation.
Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue
itself.
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal
income tax
and Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing the amount
these
merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of
theirArgument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
a.
employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal
immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
1
14th Edition by Hurley
Chapter 1 to 14
TEST BANK
,TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part I: INFORMAL LOGIC.
1. Basic Concepts.
Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions. Exercise. Recognizing Arguments. Exercise. Deduction and Induction. Exercise. Valid
Truth, Soundness, Strength, Cogency. Exercise. Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity. Exercise. Extended Arguments. Exercise.
2. Language: Meaning and Definition.
Varieties of Meaning. Exercise. The Intension and Extension of Terms. Exercise. Definitions and Their Purposes. Exerc
Definitional Techniques. Exercise. Criteria for Lexical Definitions. Exercise.
3. Informal Fallacies.
Fallacies in General. Exercise. Fallacies of Relevance. Exercise. Fallacies of Weak Induction. Exercise. Fallacies of Presumpt
Ambiguity, and Illicit Transference. Exercise. Fallacies in Ordinary Language. Exercise.
Part II: FORMAL LOGIC.
4. Categorical Propositions.
The Components of Categorical Propositions. Exercise. Quality, Quantity, and Distribution. Exercise. Venn Diagrams and
Modern Square of Opposition. Exercise. Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition. Exercise. The Traditional Square
Opposition. Exercise. Venn Diagrams and the Traditional Standpoint. Exercise. Translating Ordinary Language Statements i
Categorical Form. Exercise.
5. Categorical Syllogisms.
Standard Form, Mood, and Figure. Exercise. Venn Diagrams. Exercise. Rules and Fallacies. Exercise. Reducing the Number
Terms. Exercise. Ordinary Language Arguments. Exercise. Enthymemes. Exercise. Sorites. Exercise.
6. Propositional Logic.
Symbols and Translation. Exercise. Truth Functions. Exercise. Truth Tables for Propositions. Exercise. Truth Tables for Argume
Exercise. Indirect Truth Tables. Exercise. Argument Forms and Fallacies. Exercise.
7. Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic.
Rules of Implication I. Exercise. Rules of Implication II. Exercise. Rules of Replacement I. Exercise. Rules of Replacement
Exercise. Conditional Proof. Exercise. Indirect Proof. Exercise. Proving Logical Truths. Exercise.
8. Predicate Logic.
Symbols and Translation. Exercise. Using the Rules of Inference. Exercise. Quantifier Negation Rule. Exercise. Conditional a
Indirect Proof. Exercise. Proving Invalidity. Exercise. Relational Predicates and Overlapping Quantifiers. Exercise. Ident
Exercise.
Part III: INDUCTIVE LOGIC.
9. Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning.
Analogical Reasoning. Legal Reasoning. Moral Reasoning. Exercise.
10. Causality and Mill's Methods.
,"Cause" and Necessary and Sufficient Conditions. Mill's Five Methods. Mill's Methods and Science. Exercise.
11. Probability.
Theories of Probability. The Probability Calculus. Exercise.
12. Statistical Reasoning.
Evaluating Statistics. Samples. The Meaning of "Average." Dispersion. Graphs and Pictograms. Percentages. Exercise.
13. Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning.
The Hypothetical Method. Hypothetical Reasoning: Four Examples from Science. The Proof of Hypotheses. The Tentat
Acceptance of Hypotheses. Exercise.
14. Science and Superstition.
Distinguishing Between Science and Superstition. Evidentiary Support. Objectivity. Integrity. Abusing Science. Exercise.
Answers to Selected Exercises.
, Chapter 1 Test A
MULTIPLE CHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments
and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are
working
more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years ago a
typical
woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an activity
considered
unpleasant.
c. Today,
Argument; with men
conclusion: working
Forty years less,
ago the gap
... an is 90 considered
activity minutes and growing.
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
unpleasant.
b. Argument;
d. Nonargument.
conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
e. ANS:
Argument;
D conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxing
less. PTS: 2
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces other
metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate blood
pressure
(which can cause development delays in children and high blood pressure in adults), heme
production
(which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions
that Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
a.
transmit
b. electrical
Argument; impulsesLead
conclusion: in theis brain,
toxic. which diminishes the ability to think and recall information.
c. Nonargument. Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry"
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical
reactions.
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall information.
ANS: C PTS: 2
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to
choose the
proper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that extremes of
emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical wisdom who
have
the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that theyCooper,
David have theValue
capacity to follow
Pluralism the "right
and Ethical Choice
rule"Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
a.
whatever
b. the situation.
Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue
itself.
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal
income tax
and Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing the amount
these
merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of
theirArgument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
a.
employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal
immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
1
