Psychology Final Exam 2025

Psychology Final Exam 2025 Critical thinking is ________. - -applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information 2. Psychology refers to the ________. - -scientific study of the mind 4. When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline? - -1800s 6. Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. - -Their own conscious experience 8. Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences. - -a person's unconscious 11. Behaviorists study ________. - -Learned behavior 15. Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first? - -hypothesis 16. Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method? - -Dr.Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates 20. A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________. - -Gestalt psychology 22. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter. - basic survival needs 25. The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________. - -the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior 27. Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________. - -thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions 31. Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________. - -social psychology 32. Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________. - studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes Psychology Psychology 33. When studying personality traits, someone who is calm, even-tempered, and secure will score low on the ________ trait. - -neuroticism 37. When studying personality traits, someone who is helpful, trusting, and empathetic will score high on the ________ trait. - -agreeableness 40. Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology? - -favoring women over men 48. According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health? - -interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors 2. Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable. - -independent; dependent 3. A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena. - -theory 5. Which of the following would be difficult to assess using empirical research? - whether the id, ego, or superego is most responsible for emotional reactions 8. Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________. - -case studies 11. Green et al. used a ________ from their ________ of interest in order to make a ________. - -sample; population; generalization 18. The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________. - -between -1 and +1 20. Which of the following represents a weak positive correlation? - -+0.2 25. Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________. - -confirmation bias 26. The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment. - -control 32. A sample that ________ is most likely to yield generalizable results. - -is large and randomly selected 34. ________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. - -reliability Psychology Psychology 35. ________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure. - -validity 39. Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent? - -explaining the hypothesis to the participants 40. Magali and Jean-Gabriel have been asked to design a study investigating happiness across the lifespan. They decide their study will involve going to the mall and asking people of a variety of ages if they are happy or unhappy. What is the most serious flaw of this design? - -They have not defined happiness or how it will be measured 45. A major advantage of case studies is ________. - -detailed information 46. ________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail. - -surveys 49. Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________. - -the scientific method 50. Which of the following is a scientific way of determining facts? - -empirical studies 1. A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives. - -genetics 2. Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________. - -chromosomes; DNA 4. Polygenic means that most traits are controlled by ________. - -more than one gene 6. The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system. - -terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles 8. The space between two neurons is called the ________. - -synapse 12. A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________. - -undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration 14. ________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation. - -beta endorphin 17. The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration. - -parasympathetic Psychology Psychology 18. Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary. - -Somatic 24. Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain? - -broca's area 25. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury? - -Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors 29. Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand what people are saying to her. This is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke? - -Wernicke's area 30. Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe? - -audition 33. Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting? - -hypothalamus 34. The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories. - -amygdala 44. The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________. - -fast; long lasting 47. The ________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system. - -pituitary 49. Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain. - -Folds; grooves 2. The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours. - -circadian rhythm 4. The sleep debt is the result of ________. - -insuffient sleep on a chronic basis 5. The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep. - -alpha 8. Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content? - -Sigmund Freud 9. Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer? - -Rosalind Cartwright Psychology Psychology 11. Sleepwalking is also referred to as ________. - -somnambulism 14. Sleep apnea is defined by ________. - -episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops 19. Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world. - -circadian 20. Seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend are all examples of ________ stimuli. - -external 21. Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________. - suffers from chronic sleep deprivation 27. Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________. - -Narcolepsy 28. Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug. - -changes in normal bodily function 29. Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________. - -tolerance 32. Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________. - -usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors 33. Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity. - -stimulant 40. Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________. - darkness; light 44. Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children? - -They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control 45. According to the dissociation view of hypnosis, hypnosis is ________. - -effectively a dissociated state of consciousness 2. What is described by the concept of perception? - -how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced 4. Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts? - -top-down Psychology Psychology 5. Honeybees can see light in the ________ range of the electromagnetic spectrum. - ultraviolet 9. Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain? - -optic 11. Congenital deafness refers to deafness ________. - -since birth 12. The ________is also known as the anvil. - -incus 17. Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure? - -Gestalt 20. Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________. - transduction 22. Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ________can affect perception. - -motivation 23. Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory. - -signal detection 25. Which of the following exemplifies olfaction? - -smelling cookies in the oven 30. Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies. - -lower; higher 32. Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________. - longer wavelengths 33. ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds. - -high; low 35. Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot? - -afterimage 36. Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________. - -cornea; pupil 42. What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest? - -Different portions