(CBIS) CERTIFIED BRAIN INJURY SPECIALIST EXAM | FINAL EXAM PACK | QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS| 100% CORRECT| LATEST VERSIONS|GRADE A+ |100% PASS
What is pseudobulbar affect - ANSWER neurologic condition in which people are prone to sudden,
unexpected, inexplicable, and often inordinate episodes of crying or laughing
What is Central Cord Syndrome? - ANSWER Central injury to cervical spinal cord resulting in greater
weakness in UEs than in LEs
What is Brown-Sequard Syndrome? - ANSWER A hemi-section lesion of the spinal cord resulting in
ipsilateral motor loss and contralateral loss of sensitivity to pain and temp
What is Anterior Cord Syndrome? - ANSWER Often associated with a lesion causing variable loss of
motor and sensation function. Proprioception preserved
What is posterior cord syndrome? - ANSWER with necrosis of spinal cord, pt possesses strength but no
sense of where his or her limbs and body are in space below the level of damage
What is diffuse tensor imaging (DTI)? - ANSWER an imaging technique that comes from an MRI scan and
can identify major tracts in the brain
What is functional MRI (fMRI)? - ANSWER a neuroimaging technique in which the person performs a
task while in the scanner and the activated brain regions can be viewed
What are the costs to society of brain injury annually? - ANSWER $76.5 billion annually
What is an acquired brain injury? - ANSWER an injury to the brain that is not hereditary, congenital,
degenerative, or induced by birth trauma
What are the two types of ABI? - ANSWER traumatic and non-traumatic
,What is a traumatic brain injury (TBI)? - ANSWER an alteration in brain function, or other evidence of
brain pathology, caused by an external force
What are the two primary mechanisms of TBI? - ANSWER those involving impact to the head and those
involving inertial forces which affect the brain
What are the two categories of traumatic brain injuries? - ANSWER open/penetrating injury, and
closed/non-penetrating injury
What are closed injuries? - ANSWER can cause brain lacerations and contusions, or intracerebral
hemorrhage within the brain causing focal injuries; may be more diffuse injury resulting from tearing or
shearing of axons
What are open injuries? - ANSWER breach of the skull or a breach of the meninges
What are traumatic inertial injuries? - ANSWER non-impact injuries resulting from inertial forces; most
common involves acceleration-deceleration forces
What is non-traumatic brain injury (nTBI)? - ANSWER damage caused to the brain by internal factors,
such as lack of O2 or nutrients, exposures to toxins, pressure from tumor/blockage, or other neurological
disorder
What are examples of TBIs? - ANSWER falls, assaults, MVCs, sports/recreational injuries, SBS/AHT, GSW,
workplace injuries, child abuse, domestic violence, military actions (blast injury)
What are examples of nTBIs? - ANSWER stroke, infectious disease, seizure disorders, electric shock,
tumors, toxic exposures, metabolic disorders, neurotoxic poisoning, lack of O2 to the brain
What are some secondary aspects following primary injury? - ANSWER hypoxia, anemia, metabolic
abnormalities, hydrocephalus, intracranial hypertension, and hemorrhagic activity
What is epidemiology? - ANSWER research that counts the frequency with which health problems occur
in the general population; describes the sources and causes of health problems
,What factors influence the type and extent of behavioral difficulties an individual may demonstrate after
brain injury? - ANSWER site and severity of damage; pre-injury characteristics of personality, intelligence,
and learning style, and the current environment
What is coma-emergent agitation? How long does it last? - ANSWER episode of agitation that may occur
as an individual emerges from coma that is usually brief, lasting less than 10 days in duration
What is consequence-based programming? - ANSWER interventions focused on learning; not indicated
for individuals emerging from coma and demonstrating agitation or confusion
What is often the safest and most efficient technique for dealing with agitation in a behavior-based
manner? - ANSWER through environmental management, where the focus is on offering a quiet,
organized, and structured environment with limited and carefully managed stimulation
What is the Stability Triangle? - ANSWER Is a construct which is useful when identifying treatment
priorities and establishing the treatment plan; contains the following: establish medical stability,
promote behavior stability, and develop a stable activity plan
What is applied behavior analysis? - ANSWER the science of prediction and change of socially significant
behaviors
What is behavior? - ANSWER anything an individual does that can be measured, NOT necessarily
yelling/hitting/spitting/etc.
What is the goal of applied behavior analysis? - ANSWER to discover variables that reliably influence
behavior to either predict behavior change or promote behavior change
What are indirect methods of behavior assessment? - ANSWER interviews, checklists, may be reviewed
with caregivers, family members, and the individual themselves; can be subject to bias d/t self-reporting
What are direct methods of behavior assessment? - ANSWER direct observations of an individual, either
in a naturally-occurring situation or one in which specific variables have been controlled or manipulated
for assessment purposes
, What is Functional Analysis/Functional Assessment - ANSWER methods of direct observation within the
field of behavior analysis conducted by BCBA to pinpoint the potential function or purpose of a behavior
via experimental manipulation
What is a functionally equivalent alternative? - ANSWER a behavior that serves the same function as the
target behavior but is safer or more appropriate and thus more useful for the individual (e.g., instead of
yelling resulting in d/c of a non-preferred task, request a break)
What is an operational definition? - ANSWER a definition that outlines what exactly will be counted as
an occurrence or episode of the behavior; must be observable and measurable, and the definition must
be specific enough such that multiple observers can agree upon what would count as an occurrence
What are two dimensions of a behavior that will be important to take into account when developing an
operational definition? - ANSWER topography (what the behavior looks like physically) and intensity
(describing the measure of force)
What are five variables of interest when measuring behavior? - ANSWER frequency, rate, duration,
latency, and % correct
What is the four-term contingency within the field of behavior analysis? - ANSWER establishing
operation; discriminative stimulus; response/behavior; consequence
What is A-B-C analysis? - ANSWER A=antecedent, B=behavior/response, C=consequence
What is positive reinforcement? - ANSWER adding something makes a response more likely to occur in
the future (e.g., if you do your chores, I'll give you $5)
What is negative reinforcement? - ANSWER taking away something makes a response more likely to
occur in the future (e.g., if you do your HW, you can skip chores tonight)
What is positive punishment? - ANSWER adding something to make a response less likely in the future
(e.g., if you hit your sister, you have to do the chores)
VERIFIED ANSWERS| 100% CORRECT| LATEST VERSIONS|GRADE A+ |100% PASS
What is pseudobulbar affect - ANSWER neurologic condition in which people are prone to sudden,
unexpected, inexplicable, and often inordinate episodes of crying or laughing
What is Central Cord Syndrome? - ANSWER Central injury to cervical spinal cord resulting in greater
weakness in UEs than in LEs
What is Brown-Sequard Syndrome? - ANSWER A hemi-section lesion of the spinal cord resulting in
ipsilateral motor loss and contralateral loss of sensitivity to pain and temp
What is Anterior Cord Syndrome? - ANSWER Often associated with a lesion causing variable loss of
motor and sensation function. Proprioception preserved
What is posterior cord syndrome? - ANSWER with necrosis of spinal cord, pt possesses strength but no
sense of where his or her limbs and body are in space below the level of damage
What is diffuse tensor imaging (DTI)? - ANSWER an imaging technique that comes from an MRI scan and
can identify major tracts in the brain
What is functional MRI (fMRI)? - ANSWER a neuroimaging technique in which the person performs a
task while in the scanner and the activated brain regions can be viewed
What are the costs to society of brain injury annually? - ANSWER $76.5 billion annually
What is an acquired brain injury? - ANSWER an injury to the brain that is not hereditary, congenital,
degenerative, or induced by birth trauma
What are the two types of ABI? - ANSWER traumatic and non-traumatic
,What is a traumatic brain injury (TBI)? - ANSWER an alteration in brain function, or other evidence of
brain pathology, caused by an external force
What are the two primary mechanisms of TBI? - ANSWER those involving impact to the head and those
involving inertial forces which affect the brain
What are the two categories of traumatic brain injuries? - ANSWER open/penetrating injury, and
closed/non-penetrating injury
What are closed injuries? - ANSWER can cause brain lacerations and contusions, or intracerebral
hemorrhage within the brain causing focal injuries; may be more diffuse injury resulting from tearing or
shearing of axons
What are open injuries? - ANSWER breach of the skull or a breach of the meninges
What are traumatic inertial injuries? - ANSWER non-impact injuries resulting from inertial forces; most
common involves acceleration-deceleration forces
What is non-traumatic brain injury (nTBI)? - ANSWER damage caused to the brain by internal factors,
such as lack of O2 or nutrients, exposures to toxins, pressure from tumor/blockage, or other neurological
disorder
What are examples of TBIs? - ANSWER falls, assaults, MVCs, sports/recreational injuries, SBS/AHT, GSW,
workplace injuries, child abuse, domestic violence, military actions (blast injury)
What are examples of nTBIs? - ANSWER stroke, infectious disease, seizure disorders, electric shock,
tumors, toxic exposures, metabolic disorders, neurotoxic poisoning, lack of O2 to the brain
What are some secondary aspects following primary injury? - ANSWER hypoxia, anemia, metabolic
abnormalities, hydrocephalus, intracranial hypertension, and hemorrhagic activity
What is epidemiology? - ANSWER research that counts the frequency with which health problems occur
in the general population; describes the sources and causes of health problems
,What factors influence the type and extent of behavioral difficulties an individual may demonstrate after
brain injury? - ANSWER site and severity of damage; pre-injury characteristics of personality, intelligence,
and learning style, and the current environment
What is coma-emergent agitation? How long does it last? - ANSWER episode of agitation that may occur
as an individual emerges from coma that is usually brief, lasting less than 10 days in duration
What is consequence-based programming? - ANSWER interventions focused on learning; not indicated
for individuals emerging from coma and demonstrating agitation or confusion
What is often the safest and most efficient technique for dealing with agitation in a behavior-based
manner? - ANSWER through environmental management, where the focus is on offering a quiet,
organized, and structured environment with limited and carefully managed stimulation
What is the Stability Triangle? - ANSWER Is a construct which is useful when identifying treatment
priorities and establishing the treatment plan; contains the following: establish medical stability,
promote behavior stability, and develop a stable activity plan
What is applied behavior analysis? - ANSWER the science of prediction and change of socially significant
behaviors
What is behavior? - ANSWER anything an individual does that can be measured, NOT necessarily
yelling/hitting/spitting/etc.
What is the goal of applied behavior analysis? - ANSWER to discover variables that reliably influence
behavior to either predict behavior change or promote behavior change
What are indirect methods of behavior assessment? - ANSWER interviews, checklists, may be reviewed
with caregivers, family members, and the individual themselves; can be subject to bias d/t self-reporting
What are direct methods of behavior assessment? - ANSWER direct observations of an individual, either
in a naturally-occurring situation or one in which specific variables have been controlled or manipulated
for assessment purposes
, What is Functional Analysis/Functional Assessment - ANSWER methods of direct observation within the
field of behavior analysis conducted by BCBA to pinpoint the potential function or purpose of a behavior
via experimental manipulation
What is a functionally equivalent alternative? - ANSWER a behavior that serves the same function as the
target behavior but is safer or more appropriate and thus more useful for the individual (e.g., instead of
yelling resulting in d/c of a non-preferred task, request a break)
What is an operational definition? - ANSWER a definition that outlines what exactly will be counted as
an occurrence or episode of the behavior; must be observable and measurable, and the definition must
be specific enough such that multiple observers can agree upon what would count as an occurrence
What are two dimensions of a behavior that will be important to take into account when developing an
operational definition? - ANSWER topography (what the behavior looks like physically) and intensity
(describing the measure of force)
What are five variables of interest when measuring behavior? - ANSWER frequency, rate, duration,
latency, and % correct
What is the four-term contingency within the field of behavior analysis? - ANSWER establishing
operation; discriminative stimulus; response/behavior; consequence
What is A-B-C analysis? - ANSWER A=antecedent, B=behavior/response, C=consequence
What is positive reinforcement? - ANSWER adding something makes a response more likely to occur in
the future (e.g., if you do your chores, I'll give you $5)
What is negative reinforcement? - ANSWER taking away something makes a response more likely to
occur in the future (e.g., if you do your HW, you can skip chores tonight)
What is positive punishment? - ANSWER adding something to make a response less likely in the future
(e.g., if you hit your sister, you have to do the chores)
