SOLUTION MANUAL FOR DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING WITH TCP|IP PROTOCOL SUITE 6TH EDITION BY BEHROUZ FOROUZAN LATEST UPDATE 2025/2026 GRADE A+

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SOLUTION MANUAL FOR DATA COMMUNICATIONS
AND NETWORKING WITH TCP|IP PROTOCOL SUITE
6TH EDITION BY BEHROUZ FOROUZAN LATEST
UPDATE 2025/2026 GRADE A+

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UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING; NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS



UNIT STRUCTURE
1.0 OBJECTIVES
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 DATA & INFORMATION
1.3 DATA COMMUNICATION
1.3.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA COMMUNICATION
1.3.2 COMPONENTS OF DATA COMMUNICATION
1.4 DATA REPRESENTATION
1.5 DATA FLOW
1.5.1. SIMPLEX
1.52. HALF DUPLEX
1.5.3. FULL DUPLEX
1.6 COMPUTER NETWORK
1.6.1 CATEGORIES OF A NETWORK
1.7 PROTOCOL
1.7.1 ELEMENTS OF A PROTOCOL
1.8 STANDARDS IN NETWORKING
1.8.1 CONCEPT OF STANDARD
1.8.2 STANDARD ORGANIZATIONS IN FIELD OF NETWORKING
1.9 REVIEW QUESTIONS
1.10 REFERENCES

1.0 OBJECTIVES:

 INTRODUCE THE READERS TO DATA COMMUNICATION AND
ITS FUNDAMENTALS
 DEFINE NETWORKS
 DEFINE PROTOCOLS
 STANDARDS IN NETWORKING

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1.1 INTRODUCTION

This Chapter Provides An Introduction To Computer Networks And Covers
Fundamental Topics Like Data, Information To The Definition Of
Communication And Computer Networks.
The Main Objective Of Data Communication And Networking Is To Enable
Seamless Exchange Of Data Between Any Two Points In The World.
This Exchange Of Data Takes Place Over A Computer Network.

1.2 DATA & INFORMATION

Data Refers To The Raw Facts That Are Collected While Information
Refers To Processed Data That Enables Us To Take Decisions.
Ex. When Result Of A Particular Test Is Declared It Contains Data Of All
Students, When You Find The Marks You Have Scored You Have The
Information That Lets You Know Whether You Have Passed Or Failed.
The Word Data Refers To Any Information Which Is Presented In A Form
That Is Agreed And Accepted Upon By Is Creators And Users.

1.3 DATA COMMUNICATION

Data Communication Is A Process Of Exchanging Data Or Information
In Case Of Computer Networks This Exchange Is Done Between Two
Devices Over A Transmission Medium.
This Process Involves A Communication System Which Is Made Up Of
Hardware And Software. The Hardware Part Involves The Sender And
Receiver Devices And The Intermediate Devices Through Which The Data
Passes. The Software Part Involves Certain Rules Which Specify What Is
To Be Communicated, How It Is To Be Communicated And When. It Is
Also Called As A Protocol.
The Following Sections Describes The Fundamental Characteristics That
Are Important For The Effective Working Of Data Communication Process
And Is Followed By The Components That Make Up A Data
Communications System.

1.3.1 Characteristics Of Data Communication

The Effectiveness Of Any Data Communications System Depends Upon
The Following Four Fundamental Characteristics:

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1. Delivery: The Data Should Be Delivered To The Correct Destination And
Correct User.
2. Accuracy: The Communication System Should Deliver The Data
Accurately, Without Introducing Any Errors. The Data May Get Corrupted
During Transmission Affecting The Accuracy Of The Delivered Data.
3. Timeliness: Audio And Video Data Has To Be Delivered In A Timely
Manner Without Any Delay; Such A Data Delivery Is Called Real Time
Transmission Of Data.
4. Jitter: It Is The Variation In The Packet Arrival Time. Uneven Jitter May
Affect The Timeliness Of Data Being Transmitted.

1.3.2 Components Of Data Communication

A Data Communication System Has Five Components As Shown
In The Diagram Below:




Fig. Components Of A Data Communication System

1. Message
Message Is The Information To Be Communicated By The Sender To The
Receiver.

2. Sender
The Sender Is Any Device That Is Capable Of Sending The Data
(Message).

3. Receiver
The Receiver Is A Device That The Sender Wants To Communicate The Data
(Message).

4. Transmission Medium
It Is The Path By Which The Message Travels From Sender To Receiver. It Can
Be Wired Or Wireless And Many Subtypes In Both.