Advanced Pathophysiology Exam -1 Questions and Verified Answers

Advanced Pathophysiology Exam #1
Questions and Verified Answers
CellularAPhysiologyA-AProkaryotesA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
•AProkaryotesA[onlyAcellsAforA3AbillionAyears]
•AsingleAcellAorganism
•ACyanobacteriaA[blue-greenAalgae]
•ABacteria
•ARickettsia
•A[RockyAMountainASpottedAFever]
•ABoundAbyAcellularAmembraneAthatAcarriesAoutAallAactivities
•ASingleAcircularAchromosomeAforAgeneticAinformation
EukaryotesA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-euA=AgoodAkaryoA=AnucleusA[large)
-complexAintracellularAanatomy
-organellesA=AmembraneAboundAcompartmentsAofAspecializedAfunctionAwithinAtheAcell
-AhistonesA-AbindAwithADNA
-Achromosomes
-AcellAplasmaAmembrane/cytoplasmAcarriesAorganelles
EukaryotesA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-FoundAinA:A
A-AHigherAorganisms/plantsA{people}

A-AFungi

A-AProtozoa

A-AMostAalgae

CellularACommunicationA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-ChemicalAmessengerAsystemsA:
1.AmoveAfromAcellAtoAcellAthroughAchannelsAinAtheAmembrane
2.AmoveAintoAextracellularAfluid
3.AbindAtoAreceptorsAonAorAnearAcellAsurfaceA{firstAmessenger)
CellularACommunicationA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
ThereAareAexternalAsignalsAconvertedAtoAinternalAsignalsAcarriedAbyAsecondAmessengerA=A
Epigenetics:ATheAcellsAdoAnotAinteractAjustAamongAthemselves,AtheyAinteractAwithinAtheAen
vironmentA-AcellAadaptation,Aevolution
4.AsecondAmessengerAtriggersAchange
PlasmaAMembranesAMagicAmem-BRAINA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-1.AStructure
2.AProtection
3.AActivation
4.ATransport
5.ACellAtoACellAinteraction
PlasmaAMembranesAMagicAmem-BRAINA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA--
MembraneA"interactsAintelligently"AwithAenvironmentAtoAproduceAbehaviorAofAotherAcellular
AcomponentsAmakingAit....

-TheAtrueAbrainAofAtheAcellA=AnotAtheAnucleus
*nucleusAisAjustAtheAmicroprocessorAmakingAcopiesAofAitself

,IntegralAMembraneAProteinsA-AIMPsA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
A.AImbeddedAintoAtheAmembrane-cell'sA"senseAorgans"A-BasedAinsideAtheAcellAmembrane.
IntegralAMembraneAProteinsA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-PhospholipidsA-
AcontainApolarAandAnon-polarAmolecules)

1)APolar-ableAtoA"attractAandAinteract"AthroughAchemicalAbonds
2)ANon-Polar-haveAnoApolarity-unableAtoAformAchemicalAbondsAbutAseekAoutAnon-
polarAenvironmentsA-AlipidAsoluble)
TwoATypesAIntegralAMembraneAPoteinsA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
1)A*ReceptorAproteins*-
"awarenessAproteins"AsomeAprotrudeAandAsomeAextendAinwardAtowardAtheAinteriorAcell-
bothAmonitorAenvironments
a.AUniqueAreceptorAforAallAenvironmentalAsignals
b.ACanA"read"AphysicalAandAvibrationalAenergyAfieldsAsuchAasAlightAandAradioAfrequencies
*EffectorAproteins*A=A*action*A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-*EffectorAproteins*A=A*action*
ThreeAtypes:
Channel,ACytoskeletal,AEnzymes
EffectorAProteinsA-A*ChannelAReceptors*A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
1)A*ChannelAReceptors*-RespondAtoAreceptorA"stimuli"-
transportAproteinsAlikeAchannelsAfromAoneAsideAofAmembraneAtoAanother
A.AInactiveAandAActiveAstate
EffectorAProteinsA-A*ChannelAReceptors*ASodiumA-ApotassiumAATPaseA-
ACORRECTAANSWERSA-EXP:Asodium-

potassiumAATPaseA=AthousandsAinAeveryAmembraneAwhichAuseA1/2AofAbody'sAenergyAeve
ryAday[shuttlesA3Apositive-chargedANaAatomsAoutAofAtheAcytoplasmAadmitsA2Apositive-
chargedAKAatomsAintoAtheAcytoplasm]
EffectorAProteinsA-A*ChannelAReceptors*


ThusAtheAcellAisAaA*"self-
chargingAbattery*AwhoseAenergyAisAusedAtoAempowerAbiologicalAprocessesAthroughAwhole
Abody.A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-

EachArevolutionAthrowsAoffAmoreApositiveAchargesAoutAofAcellAthanAitAletsAin,AthereforeAleavi
ngAtheAcellAnegativelyAchargedAwithAoutsideAcellApositivelyAchargedAcreatingAaA"membrane
Apotential"

EffectorAProteinsAcontinuedA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
2)A*Cytoskeletal*AeffectorAproteinsAregulateAtheAshapeAandAmotilityAofAcells
3)A*Enzymes*A-breakAdownAorAsynthesizesAmolecules
-AActionAproteinsAconductingAbusinessAofAcellAmembraneAandAcellAmembraneAfunction.
.
NucleusA-
TranscriptionAofAgeneticAinformationAbyA*RNA*A=AmessengerAtoAorganellsAandAdirectsAcell
ularAactivities-foremenAtoAaccomplishAhealthyAlivingAorganism.A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
-doubleAmembrane-nuclearAenvelope
-HistonesAbindAwithADNAAandAcauseAitAtoAfoldAintoA-chromosomesA-ApreventAbreakage)
-storesAgeneticAinformationA-Ablueprints)
-repairAandAreplicationAofADNA

,OrganellesA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
A.ASurroundedAbyAindividualAbiologicAmembranesAallowingAforAdifferentAbiochemicalAenvir
onmentsA-AsmallAcity
1.AsynthesizeAproteinsA&Ahormones
2.AtransportAproteins
3.Aisolation/eliminationAofAwaste
4.AmetabolicAprocesses
5.ABreakdownAantigens
6.AMaintainAcellularAstructureA&Amotility
TypesAofAOrganellesA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-B.A*EndoplasmicAReticulum*A
-
membraneAfactoryAthatAsynthesizes/transportsAproteinA&AlipidAcomponentsAofAorganellesA-
AmembraneAfattyAforAtransprt

C.A*GolgiAComplex*A
-AdirectorAofAmacromolecularAtraffic
TypesAofAOrganellesA-ARibosomesA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-A.A*Ribosomes*A
-siteAforAcellularAproteinAsynthesis
-CellularArespirationA=KrebsAcycleA-
AresponsibleAforAoxidativeAphosphorylationAtoAproduceAATP

Krebb'sAorACitricAAcidACycleA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-36AmolsAATPAproduced.
-OxidativeAphosphorylationAisAproductAofAKreb'sAcycleAandAglycolysis.A
-AATPAisAmuchAgreaterAproductAinAcitricAacidAcycleAcomparedAtoAglycolysis.
GlycolysisA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-NetA2AmolsAATPAperAglucoseA-ApyruvateAcycle
TypesAofAOrganellesAcontinueA-ALysosomesA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
A.ALysosomesAcontainAdigestiveAhydrolases
A-lackAofAlysosomalAalpha-q,A4-

glucosidaseAyieldsAaccumulationAofAglycogenAinAlysosomesAorAPompeADisease
1.ATay-Sacks-AaccumulationAofAGM2Aganglioside
2.AGout-AuricAacidAaccumulatesAwithinAlysosomesA
=ABothAbelongAtoAtheAlysosomeAdiseaseAprocess
TypesAofAOrganellesAcontinueA-
Perioxisomes*,AMitochondria,ACytoskeleton,AMicrotubulesA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
A.A*Perioxisomes*A
1.AcauseAmetabolicAoxidationAofAH2O2A"bubbling"-
AleadsAtoAfreeAradicalsAthatAdamageAcells.

B.A*Mitochondria*
A1.AoxidativeAphosphorylation AyieldingAATP

C.A*Cytoskeleton*
1.AmaintainAcellAstructuralAshape
D.A*Microtubules*A
1.AaddAstrengthAtoAtheAcytoskeleton
IntercellularACommunicationA:HormonalAcommunication,*Paracrine*,A-
ACORRECTAANSWERSA-a*HormonalAcommunication*A-

AcarriedAinAbloodAtoAcellsAthroughoutAbodyA-AthyroidAstimulatingAhormone

b.A*Paracrine*A-
AchemicalAmediatorsArapidlyAmetabolizedAsoAexertAaAmoreAlocalAactionAonAtissue

, IntercellularACommunicationA-A*Autocrine*,*NeuralA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
*Autocrine*A-AchemicalAreleasedAinsideAownAcellA-AsecretingAcellAtargetsAitselfA-
AcancerAcellsA*Neural*-AsynapticAsignalingA/AneurotransmittersAbetweenAnerves

AlterationAofACells:AAtrophy,AHypertrophy,AHyperplasia,AHormonalA-
ACORRECTAANSWERSA-1.AAtrophyA-AdecreaseAsize-disease

2.AHypertrophyA=increaseAsize-
heartA=ALVAhypertrophy=ALVAenlargedA/AkidneysA,AbutAnotAefficient
3.AHyperplasiaA-increaseAnumberAofAcellsAfromAincreasedAcellularAdivisionA=AinjuryA-
AlossAofAkidneyAcells

4.AHormonalA=AendometrialAliningAofAuterusA-AmenstrualAcycle
AlterationAofACellsA:ADysplasia,AMetaplasiaA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-•5.ADysplasia
a.AabnormalAchangeAinAsize,Ashape,Aorganization
b.Acervical,AbronchialAdysplasiaAassociatedAwithAneoplasm
•6.AMetaplasia
•reversibleAreplacementAofAoneAmatureAcellAbyAanother
•bronchial-stopAsmokingA&AmetaplasiaAreplacesAcellAtissueAtoAhealthyAstate
DoANotARegenerateA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-•nerve
•skeletalAmuscle
•myocardial
•lensAofAeye
•StemAcellAResearchA-
causeAsomeAregenerationAbyAusingAstemAcellsAtoAgenerateAnewAtissue
CellAInjuryA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-•AHypoxia
•AMostAcommonAcauseAisAischemiaA-AreducedAbloodAsupplyA{MIA-
AheartAinjury}A1stAischemia

•ADecreaseAinAmitochondrialAphosphorylationAandAdecrease
inAproteinAsynthesisAandAATP
•ARestorationAofAoxygenAyieldsAreperfusionAinjuryAandAreleasesAfreeAradicals
CellAInjuryA-AfreeAradicalsA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
•AOH,AO2,AH2O2A:AWhenAmoleculesAareAdamagedAandAtheAnumberAofAelectronsAareAchan
gedAtheAatomAitselfAchanges.AThisAcausesAaAbreakAinAtheAbondsAbetweenAtheAmoleculesAw
hichAleadsAtoAtheAreleaseAofAfreeAradicals.
FreeARadicalA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
•AElectricallyAunderchargedAatomAorAgroupAofAatoms
•AUnpairedAelectronsA
•AUnstableAmolecule
•AEitherAdonatesAelectronAorAstealsAoneAtoAgainAhomeostasis
•AInjuresAotherAchemicalAbonds
A•ARobbingAPeterAtoAPayAPaul

•ASomeAfreeAradicalsAariseAnormallyAduringAmetabolism
FreeARadicalsA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
•ABody'sAimmuneAsystem'sAcellsApurposefullyAcreateAthemAtoAneutralizeAvirusesAandAbacte
ria
•AEnvironmentalAfactorsAsuchAasApollution,Aradiation,AcigaretteAsmokeAandAherbicidesAcanA
alsoAspawnAfreeAradicals.