NUR 355 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Questions and Answers

NUR 355 Pathophysiology Exam 1
Questions and Answers
DisordersAofAmusculoskeletalAfunctionAobjectiveA1:A

StateAtheAfunctionAofAparathyroidAhormone,Acalcitonin,AandAvitaminADAinAtermsAofAboneAfor
mationAandAmetabolismA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
ParathyroidAHormone:AincreasesAboneAuptake,AdecreasesAboneAgrowth,Aincreases
intestinalAcalciumA(throughAvitAD)A&AphosphateAuptake,ApromptlyAincreasesAserumA
calciumAlevels,ApreventsAincreaseAinAserumAphosphateAlevels,AdecreasesArenalAexcretionA
ofAcalcium,AincreasesArenalAexcretionAofAphosphate

Calcitonin:AincreasesArenalAexcretionAofAcalciumA&Aphosphate,AdecreasesAboneAuptake,Ad
ecreasesAserumAlevelsAofAcalciumA&AphosphateAwithApharmacologicalAdoses,AuncertainAef
fectAonAboneAformation,A(noAeffectAonAintestinalAabsorptionAofAcalcium/phosphate)

VitaminAD:AincreasesAintestinalAuptakeAofAcalcium/phosphate,ArenalAexcretionAofAcalcium/
phosphate,AboneAuptake/growth,A(noAeffectAonAserumAcalcium/phosphateAlevels)
DisordersAofAmusculoskeletalAfunctionAobjectiveA2:A

DescribeAhowAfracturesAareAclassifiedA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA--
ApositionAofAboneAendsA(displaced/nondisplaced)

-AcompletenessAofAbreakA(complete/incomplete)
-AorientationAofAbreakA(transverse/linear/obliqueAnondisplaced/obliqueAdisplaced,Aspiral)
-ApenetrationAofAbreakA(open/closed)
-AlooseAbodiesA(segmental/comminuted)
DisordersAofAmusculoskeletalAfunctionAobjectiveA3:A

DescribeAtheAfractureAhealingAprocessA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
PhasesAofABoneAHealing:A
1.AHematomaAformationA&AinflammationA(weekA1,ARBCsA&AWBCs)
2.AFibrocartilaginousA(soft)AcallusAformationA(weeksA2-
3,Aosteoclasts,Achondroblasts,Aosteoblasts,Afibroblasts,AnewAbloodAvessels,AcannotAweigh
tbear)
3.ABonyAcallusAformationA(weeksA4-16,Aosteoclasts)
4.ARemodelingA(weekA17+,Aosteoclasts,AcompactAboneAreplacesAspongyAbone
DisordersAofAmusculoskeletalAfunctionAobjectiveA4:A

DifferentiateAamongAosteomyelitisAdueAtoAspreadAfromAaAcontaminatedAwound,Ahematoge
nousAosteomyelitis,AandAosteomyelitisAdueAtoAvascularAinsufficiencyAinAtermsAofAetiologies
,Amanifestations,AandAtreatmentA-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
OsteomyelitisAfromAaAwoundAinfection:AmostAcommon,AdirectApenetration/contaminationAo

,fAopenAwound,Afever,ApoorAhealing,AjointAinfection,Adrainage,ApreventedAbyAantibiotics,Aima
ging,Asurgery,A&AremovalAofAinfectedAjoint

HematogenousAosteomyelitis:AthroughAtheAbloodstream,AmostlyAinAchildren/debilitatedAad
ults/IVAdrugAusers,Ax-
raysAappearAnormallyAatAfirst,AtreatedAbyAantimicrobialAagents/debridement/drainage

VascularAosteomyelitis:AmayAdevelopAfromAlesionA(diabeticAfootAulcers),ApainAisAoftenAmut
edAbyAperipheralAneuropathy,AtreatedAbyAdebridement,Aantibiotics,AhyperbaricAO2Atherapy
DisordersAofAmusculoskeletalAfunctionAobjectiveA5:

ContrastAosteogenicAsarcoma,AEwingAsarcoma,AandAchondrosarcomaAinAtermsAofAtheAmo
stAcommonAageAgroupsAandAanatomicAsitesAthatAareAaffected.A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
OsteogenicASarcoma:AmostAcommonAinApeopleA<20Ayears,AaffectsAtheAproximalAhumerus/
distalAfemur/knee

EwingASarcoma:AmostAcommonAinApeopleA<20Ayears,ArarelyAinApeopleA>30Ayears,AaffectsA
theAfemurA(diaphysis)/humerus/pubis/vertebrae/ribs/skull/flatAbones

Chondrosarcoma:A(connectiveAtissue),AmostAcommonAinAmiddleAageAtoAelderlyAadults,Aaff
ectsAarticulationsA(knee/shoulder/hip/pelvis)
DisordersAofAmusculoskeletalAfunctionAobjectiveA6:

DescribeAtheAfunctionAofAtheAepiphysealAgrowthAplateAinAskeletalAgrowth.A-
ACORRECTAANSWERSA--AEpiphysealAplateAisAtheAsiteAofAboneAgrowth

-AEpiphysisAisAtheAendAofAaAlongAbone;AdiaphysisAisAtheAshaftAofAaAlongAbone
-
ANutritionalAandAmetabolicAdisordersAcanAimpairAtheAformationAofAtheAorganicAmatrixAofAbo

ne,AcausingAslowingAofAgrowthAtheAepiphysealAplate.
DisordersAofAmusculoskeletalAfunctionAobjectiveA7:

DescribeAriskAfactorsAthatAcontributeAtoAtheAdevelopmentAofAosteopenia,Aosteoporosis,Aost
eomalacia/rickets,AandAPagetAdiseasesAandArelateAthemAtoAtheApreventionAofAtheAdisorder.
A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-Osteopenia:

-AreducedAboneAmass
-AcommonAtoAmetabolicAboneAdisease
-AnotAaAdisease,AbutAaAcondition;AaAsignAofAaAdisease
-
AriskAfactors:Afemale,Aasian,Acaucasian,AsmallAbones,AfamilyAhistory,AageAoverA50,Amenapa

use,AlackAofAexercise

Osteoporosis:
-
AmetabolicAboneAdiseaseAcharacterizedAbyAaAlossAofAmineralizedAboneAmassAcausingAincr

easedAporosityAofAtheAskeletonAandAsusceptibilityAtoAfractures

, -
AriskAfactors:AalcoholAuse,AcorticosteroidAuse,AlowAcalcium,AlowAestrogen,Asmoking,Asedent

aryAlifestyleA(ACCESS)

Osteomalacia/Rickets:
-AproduceAaAsofteningAofAtheAbonesAbutAdoAnotAcauseAboneAloss
-AcausedAbyAvitADAdeficiency
calciumA&AphosphateAimbalance
-AtreatedAbyAdietaryA&AsunAintakeAofAvitAD,AassistiveAdevices,A&AfractureArepair

PagetAdisease:A
-
AcausesAtheAbodyAtoAgenerateAnewAboneAfasterAthanAnormal;AthisAboneAisAsofterA&AweakerA

thanAnormal
-AriskAfactors:Amale,Ameasles,AolderAage,AnationalAorigin,AfamilyAhistory
-ApreventedAbyAexercise,AhealthyABMI,AjointAmobility,AmeaslesAvaccine,AadequateAvitAD
-AtreatedAbyApainAmanagementA&Asurgery
DisordersAofAmusculoskeletalAfunctionAobjectiveA8:

DifferentiateAacuteAfromAchronicAfatigue.A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-
Acute:ArapidAonset,AcausedAbyAshortAtermAsleepAloss/heavyAexercise,AtreatedAbyAadequat
eAsleep/balancedAdiet

Chronic:AdelayedAonset,AnoAprotectiveAfunction,AcausedAbyAmultipleAdiseasesA&Ametabolic
Aprocesses,AtreatedAbyAaddressingAunderlyingAdisease,ApreventedAbyAbuildingAenduranceA

withAconsistentAexercise
DisordersAofAmusculoskeletalAfunctionAobjectiveA9:

CharacterizeAtheAcommonAcharacteristicsAofAtheAdifferentAsystemicAautoimmuneArheumati
cAdisorders.A-ACORRECTAANSWERSA-Commonalities:A
-AdiffuseAinflammatoryAlesionsA&AdegenerativeAchangesAinACT
-AshareAanAautoimmuneAsystemicApathogenesis
-
AsphenomegalyA(spleenAenlargement;AtheAspleenAisAwhereAaAlotAofAtheAimmuneAsystemAm

akesAcomponentsAtoAfightAoff/respondAtoAinflammation)

RheumatoidAArthritis:
-AinflammationAofAsynovium
-AinflammatoryAcellsAaccumulateA&AinterfereAwithAcartilageAgettingAnutritionalAsynovialAfluid
-
AcausesAangiogenesisA(growthAofAnewAbloodAvessels)A&ApannusA(abnormalAlayerAofAfibrov

ascularAtissue)
-AdestructionAirreversible
-ARed,ARigidAwhenARising,ARheumatoidA(Rh)AfactorAinAtheAblood

SystemicALupusAErythematous: