Bio 152 Module 7 Exam UPDATED Exam
Questions and CORRECT Answers
The function of this system is to basically serve as multiple lines of defense against a plethora of
pathogens. - CORRECT ANSWER -What is the function of the immune system? (43.1)
How do the innate and adaptive immune systems differ from each other? (43.1) - CORRECT
ANSWER -Innate systems are those that exist in all animals, and adaptive systems only
exist in vertebrates, and are a special line of molecular and cellular defense.
How do the following contribute to the barrier function of the first line of defense: skin, mucous
membranes, tears, flushing mechanisms (vomiting, urinating, etc.), bodily secretions (oil, ear
wax, etc.) (43.1) - CORRECT ANSWER -- Skin hosts many cells that secrete oil through
sebaceous glands on the skin.
- Bodily secretions create a slightly acidic environment that is hostile to bacteria that try to enter
the body.
- Mucous membranes are made up of a more viscous fluid that creates a sort of web that traps
foreign particles and pathogens. Ciliated epithelial cells in the airway "sweep" the mucus and
trapped pathogens upwards.
- Tears contain lysosomes that destroy the cell walls of bacteria upon impact.
- Flushing mechanisms trap the pathogen or foreign particles trying to enter the body, and
physically excrete or take them out the body, whether it be vomiting or through urine.
What are the steps in phagocytosis? (43.2) - CORRECT ANSWER -(1) The pseudopodia
(protrusion of surface) that exist around the cellular membrane of the phagocyte surround the
pathogen that it is targeting. It then (2) engulfs the pathogen, (3) creating a vacuole inside the
cytoplasm of the phagocyte that floats around. (4) The vacuole and a lysosome that contains
digestive enzymes fuse inside the cell, in which (5) toxic compounds and the enzymes mentioned
are released in the pathogen-containing vacuole. (6) The pathogen is killed and digested, and the
debris is released from the phagocyte through exocytosis.
What do Toll-like receptors recognize and how is this non-specific? (43.2) - CORRECT
ANSWER -They recognize a set of fragments of molecules that are the main
, characteristics of some pathogens. This is non-specific because it recognizes multiple molecules,
instead of a single molecule like a cell from the adaptive immune system would.
What are the steps of an inflammatory response? What are the four main symptoms of
inflammation and how do they relate to the process of inflammation? (43.2) - CORRECT
ANSWER -At the site of infection, (1) activated macrophages release cytokines that attract
immune cells like neutrophils to the site of infection. Additionally, mast cells near the injured or
infected side release histamine, a signaling molecule that triggers nearby vasodilation that results
in redness and increased skin temperature near the injury site. (3) This cycle continues, where
complement proteins promote further histamine release and attract more phagocytic cells to the
site, enhancing antimicrobial peptides that disrupt the membrane integrity of pathogens.
What happens to the debris from phagocytosis and the pus formed during inflammation? (43.2) -
CORRECT ANSWER -At the end of the inflammatory response, excess fluid and pus are
taken up as lymph in the lymphatic system, along with the debris from killed off pathogens.
Lymph nodes scattered across this system contain macrophages that engulf pathogens entering
the lymph.
This condition is an increase in body temperature, stimulated by pyrogens, that kill off some
amount of pathogens, and stimulates innate immunity in the body. - CORRECT
ANSWER -Why is fever beneficial? (43.2)
These are proteins, produced by the infecting virus, that interfere with viral infection by inducing
uninfected cells nearby the infection site to produce virus-inhibiting material. - CORRECT
ANSWER -What are interferons? What kind of pathogen causes our cells to produce
interferons? (43.2)
What are 2 end results of the complement system? (43.2) - CORRECT ANSWER -One
result is the lysis of invading cells, and the other helps in the inflammatory response.
What is the structure of the T cell receptor? How many antigens can one TCR bind? (43.3) -
CORRECT ANSWER -The structure of T cells consist of an alpha and beta-chain that are
dimerized, and connected via a disulfide bridge. They both jut out of the membrane of the T cell.
The chains themselves have a constant region, and a variable region above it, in which both
variable regions come to form the antigen binding site. Each TCR can bind to only one antigen,
but can recognize multiple antigens.
Questions and CORRECT Answers
The function of this system is to basically serve as multiple lines of defense against a plethora of
pathogens. - CORRECT ANSWER -What is the function of the immune system? (43.1)
How do the innate and adaptive immune systems differ from each other? (43.1) - CORRECT
ANSWER -Innate systems are those that exist in all animals, and adaptive systems only
exist in vertebrates, and are a special line of molecular and cellular defense.
How do the following contribute to the barrier function of the first line of defense: skin, mucous
membranes, tears, flushing mechanisms (vomiting, urinating, etc.), bodily secretions (oil, ear
wax, etc.) (43.1) - CORRECT ANSWER -- Skin hosts many cells that secrete oil through
sebaceous glands on the skin.
- Bodily secretions create a slightly acidic environment that is hostile to bacteria that try to enter
the body.
- Mucous membranes are made up of a more viscous fluid that creates a sort of web that traps
foreign particles and pathogens. Ciliated epithelial cells in the airway "sweep" the mucus and
trapped pathogens upwards.
- Tears contain lysosomes that destroy the cell walls of bacteria upon impact.
- Flushing mechanisms trap the pathogen or foreign particles trying to enter the body, and
physically excrete or take them out the body, whether it be vomiting or through urine.
What are the steps in phagocytosis? (43.2) - CORRECT ANSWER -(1) The pseudopodia
(protrusion of surface) that exist around the cellular membrane of the phagocyte surround the
pathogen that it is targeting. It then (2) engulfs the pathogen, (3) creating a vacuole inside the
cytoplasm of the phagocyte that floats around. (4) The vacuole and a lysosome that contains
digestive enzymes fuse inside the cell, in which (5) toxic compounds and the enzymes mentioned
are released in the pathogen-containing vacuole. (6) The pathogen is killed and digested, and the
debris is released from the phagocyte through exocytosis.
What do Toll-like receptors recognize and how is this non-specific? (43.2) - CORRECT
ANSWER -They recognize a set of fragments of molecules that are the main
, characteristics of some pathogens. This is non-specific because it recognizes multiple molecules,
instead of a single molecule like a cell from the adaptive immune system would.
What are the steps of an inflammatory response? What are the four main symptoms of
inflammation and how do they relate to the process of inflammation? (43.2) - CORRECT
ANSWER -At the site of infection, (1) activated macrophages release cytokines that attract
immune cells like neutrophils to the site of infection. Additionally, mast cells near the injured or
infected side release histamine, a signaling molecule that triggers nearby vasodilation that results
in redness and increased skin temperature near the injury site. (3) This cycle continues, where
complement proteins promote further histamine release and attract more phagocytic cells to the
site, enhancing antimicrobial peptides that disrupt the membrane integrity of pathogens.
What happens to the debris from phagocytosis and the pus formed during inflammation? (43.2) -
CORRECT ANSWER -At the end of the inflammatory response, excess fluid and pus are
taken up as lymph in the lymphatic system, along with the debris from killed off pathogens.
Lymph nodes scattered across this system contain macrophages that engulf pathogens entering
the lymph.
This condition is an increase in body temperature, stimulated by pyrogens, that kill off some
amount of pathogens, and stimulates innate immunity in the body. - CORRECT
ANSWER -Why is fever beneficial? (43.2)
These are proteins, produced by the infecting virus, that interfere with viral infection by inducing
uninfected cells nearby the infection site to produce virus-inhibiting material. - CORRECT
ANSWER -What are interferons? What kind of pathogen causes our cells to produce
interferons? (43.2)
What are 2 end results of the complement system? (43.2) - CORRECT ANSWER -One
result is the lysis of invading cells, and the other helps in the inflammatory response.
What is the structure of the T cell receptor? How many antigens can one TCR bind? (43.3) -
CORRECT ANSWER -The structure of T cells consist of an alpha and beta-chain that are
dimerized, and connected via a disulfide bridge. They both jut out of the membrane of the T cell.
The chains themselves have a constant region, and a variable region above it, in which both
variable regions come to form the antigen binding site. Each TCR can bind to only one antigen,
but can recognize multiple antigens.
