WGU C168 Critical Thinking and Logic Exam 160
Questions with Verified Answers
Otherwise known as "ordinary" thinking, this thinking is spontaneous and non-
reflective, contains insight, prejudice, good and bad reasoning, and is
indiscriminately combined. - CORRECT ANSWER First-order thinking
Otherwise known as "critical" thinking, this is first-order thinking that is
consciously realized (i.e., analyzed, assessed, and reconstructed). - CORRECT
ANSWER Second-order thinking
Weak-sense critical thinkers:
1. Ignore the flaws in their own thinking.
2. Often seek to win an argument through intellectual trickery or deceit.
Weak-sense critical thinking:
1. Lacks key higher-level skills and values of critical thinking.
2. Makes no good faith effort to consider alternative viewpoints.
3. Lacks fair-mindedness.
Weak-sense critical thinkers tend to:
1. Employ lower-level rhetorical skills (making unreasonable thinking appear
reasonable, and reasonable thinking appear unreasonable).
2. Employ emotionalism and intellectual trickery.
3. Hide or distort evidence. - CORRECT ANSWER Weak-sense critical thinking
,Strong-sense critical thinking is defined by a consistent pursuit of what is
intellectually fair and just.
Strong-sense critical thinkers:
1. Strive to be ethical.
2. Strive to empathize with others' viewpoints.
3. Will entertain arguments with which they do not agree.
4. Change their views when confronted with superior reasoning.
5. Employ their thinking reasonably rather than manipulatively.
Strong-sense critical thinking requires fair-mindedness combined with learning
basic critical thinking skills.
Fair-mindedness yields many intellectual virtues. It leads us to:
1. Consider all thinking by the same standards.
2. Expect good reasoning from supporters as well as opponents.
3. Apply the same critical criteria to our own logic as to others' reasoning.
4. Recognize the actual strengths and weaknesses of any reasoning we assess. -
CORRECT ANSWER Strong-sense critical thinking
Weak-sense critical thinkers ignore the flaws in their own thinking and often seek
to win an argument through intellectual trickery or deceit.
,Strong-sense critical thinkers strive to be ethical and empathize with others'
viewpoints. They will entertain arguments with which they do not agree and
change their views when confronted with superior reasoning. - CORRECT ANSWER
Weak-sense vs. strong-sense thinking
Thinking creates meaning. It sorts events in our lives into categories. It finds
patterns in the world around us. Thinking informs us what is going on. - CORRECT
ANSWER Thinking
Feeling monitors the meanings created by thinking. It evaluates the degree to
which life's events are either positive or negative, given the meaning we assign to
them. This function continually informs us how we should respond emotionally to
what is happening in our lives. - CORRECT ANSWER Feeling
Wanting allocates energy into action. It does so consistent with how we define
what is desirable and possible. Wanting continually tells us what is (or is not)
worth seeking or getting. - CORRECT ANSWER Wanting
Clarity, accuracy, relevance, logic, breadth, precision, significance, fairness, and
depth. - CORRECT ANSWER Examples of standards
Purposes, questions, points of view, information, inferences, concepts,
implications, and assumptions. - CORRECT ANSWER Examples of elements
Humility, autonomy, integrity, courage, perseverance, reason, empathy, and fair-
mindedness. - CORRECT ANSWER Examples of intellectual traits
, Reasoning has to begin somewhere. It begins with our assumptions. These
encompass everything we take for granted as true in order to figure out
something else.
Assumptions are always present in any form of reasoning. They lie at the heart of
arguments. But people usually don't openly express their core assumptions when
they reason. Being able to identify assumptions (others' and our own) is essential
to critical thinking. - CORRECT ANSWER Assumptions
Reasoning delivers us to a position or viewpoint about something. The
implications of our reasoning are what extend beyond the position we reach. They
form the answer to the question, "What follows from our reasoning?".
Suppose we reason to the conclusion that tobacco should be banned by law
because tobacco is a grave public health hazard. One implication of our reasoning
might be that a ban should also be considered on the sale of high-fat foods, which
are implicated in epidemics of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. - CORRECT
ANSWER Implications and consequences
Reasoning takes form in concepts. These are general categories or ideas by which
we interpret or classify information used in our thinking. When we think about
anything (for example, a new law), we reason based on some concept of that
thing (for example, its fairness and unfairness). The concept, not the thing itself, is
what we hold in our mind as our understanding of it.
Most of us take our concepts for granted. Critical thinking requires us to be aware
of the concepts we hold and consider how they drive our reasoning. - CORRECT
ANSWER Concepts
Questions with Verified Answers
Otherwise known as "ordinary" thinking, this thinking is spontaneous and non-
reflective, contains insight, prejudice, good and bad reasoning, and is
indiscriminately combined. - CORRECT ANSWER First-order thinking
Otherwise known as "critical" thinking, this is first-order thinking that is
consciously realized (i.e., analyzed, assessed, and reconstructed). - CORRECT
ANSWER Second-order thinking
Weak-sense critical thinkers:
1. Ignore the flaws in their own thinking.
2. Often seek to win an argument through intellectual trickery or deceit.
Weak-sense critical thinking:
1. Lacks key higher-level skills and values of critical thinking.
2. Makes no good faith effort to consider alternative viewpoints.
3. Lacks fair-mindedness.
Weak-sense critical thinkers tend to:
1. Employ lower-level rhetorical skills (making unreasonable thinking appear
reasonable, and reasonable thinking appear unreasonable).
2. Employ emotionalism and intellectual trickery.
3. Hide or distort evidence. - CORRECT ANSWER Weak-sense critical thinking
,Strong-sense critical thinking is defined by a consistent pursuit of what is
intellectually fair and just.
Strong-sense critical thinkers:
1. Strive to be ethical.
2. Strive to empathize with others' viewpoints.
3. Will entertain arguments with which they do not agree.
4. Change their views when confronted with superior reasoning.
5. Employ their thinking reasonably rather than manipulatively.
Strong-sense critical thinking requires fair-mindedness combined with learning
basic critical thinking skills.
Fair-mindedness yields many intellectual virtues. It leads us to:
1. Consider all thinking by the same standards.
2. Expect good reasoning from supporters as well as opponents.
3. Apply the same critical criteria to our own logic as to others' reasoning.
4. Recognize the actual strengths and weaknesses of any reasoning we assess. -
CORRECT ANSWER Strong-sense critical thinking
Weak-sense critical thinkers ignore the flaws in their own thinking and often seek
to win an argument through intellectual trickery or deceit.
,Strong-sense critical thinkers strive to be ethical and empathize with others'
viewpoints. They will entertain arguments with which they do not agree and
change their views when confronted with superior reasoning. - CORRECT ANSWER
Weak-sense vs. strong-sense thinking
Thinking creates meaning. It sorts events in our lives into categories. It finds
patterns in the world around us. Thinking informs us what is going on. - CORRECT
ANSWER Thinking
Feeling monitors the meanings created by thinking. It evaluates the degree to
which life's events are either positive or negative, given the meaning we assign to
them. This function continually informs us how we should respond emotionally to
what is happening in our lives. - CORRECT ANSWER Feeling
Wanting allocates energy into action. It does so consistent with how we define
what is desirable and possible. Wanting continually tells us what is (or is not)
worth seeking or getting. - CORRECT ANSWER Wanting
Clarity, accuracy, relevance, logic, breadth, precision, significance, fairness, and
depth. - CORRECT ANSWER Examples of standards
Purposes, questions, points of view, information, inferences, concepts,
implications, and assumptions. - CORRECT ANSWER Examples of elements
Humility, autonomy, integrity, courage, perseverance, reason, empathy, and fair-
mindedness. - CORRECT ANSWER Examples of intellectual traits
, Reasoning has to begin somewhere. It begins with our assumptions. These
encompass everything we take for granted as true in order to figure out
something else.
Assumptions are always present in any form of reasoning. They lie at the heart of
arguments. But people usually don't openly express their core assumptions when
they reason. Being able to identify assumptions (others' and our own) is essential
to critical thinking. - CORRECT ANSWER Assumptions
Reasoning delivers us to a position or viewpoint about something. The
implications of our reasoning are what extend beyond the position we reach. They
form the answer to the question, "What follows from our reasoning?".
Suppose we reason to the conclusion that tobacco should be banned by law
because tobacco is a grave public health hazard. One implication of our reasoning
might be that a ban should also be considered on the sale of high-fat foods, which
are implicated in epidemics of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. - CORRECT
ANSWER Implications and consequences
Reasoning takes form in concepts. These are general categories or ideas by which
we interpret or classify information used in our thinking. When we think about
anything (for example, a new law), we reason based on some concept of that
thing (for example, its fairness and unfairness). The concept, not the thing itself, is
what we hold in our mind as our understanding of it.
Most of us take our concepts for granted. Critical thinking requires us to be aware
of the concepts we hold and consider how they drive our reasoning. - CORRECT
ANSWER Concepts
