Early Childhood Development Final
Exam Questions with Verified Answers
The 3 theories of emotional development - ANSWERS-Discrete Emotions Theory
(Nature and Nurture)
-Functionalist Theory (How culture affects psychological development)
-Dynamic System Theory (Individual Differences)
Izard's Discrete Emotions Theory - ANSWERS-Nature and Nurture
-Specific emotions are separated from birth
-(disgust, joy, anger, and fear) are innate emotions
Ekmon's Discrete Emotions Theory - ANSWERS-Nature and Nurture
-Cross-Cultural research shows that facial expressions associated with certain emotions
are universally used and understood
Campos' Functionalist Theory - ANSWERS-How culture affects psychological
development
-The purpose of emotions is to motivate action toward achieving a goal
-Babies don't have specific emotions, only positive/negative tones
-Emotions are intertwined with social interaction
-One's society/culture influences one's expressions and management of emotions
Dynamic System Theory - ANSWERS-Individual Differences
-Thinking, emotions, and experiences become linked over time to form personal
"emotional interpretations"
Why does the expression of emotions such as shame, guilt, and envy emerge later?
(within the second year of life) - ANSWERSThese are self-conscious emotions. So, as
children develop a sense of "self", the expression of these emotions also are able to
emerge
, Regulation of emotion - ANSWERSRegulation is important for being able to achieve
goals
How does regulation of emotion develop? - ANSWERSDevelopment involves...
-Progression from external to an internal control (thumbsucking, looking away then
dozing off, take deep breaths and count, rock back and forth)
-Use thinking and reasoning to control negative emotions
-Selecting appropriate coping strategies
What are some individual differences in emotion and its regulation and temperament? -
ANSWERSEasy vs Hard Baby:
-Easy Baby: rarely cries, easily distracted, low maintenance, sleeps well, good eater, no
tantrums, easy going
-Difficult Baby: Never wants to go to bed, not easy going, high maintenance, picky
eater, tantrums, high activity (into everything)
What can parents do to support healthy emotional development within their children?
(Socialization of children) - ANSWERS-Parents own expression of mostly positive
emotions
-Parents react well to children's genuine expressions of emotions by validating (allowing
the expression and supporting them)
-Around age two, parents can discuss emotions with children by putting labels on
certain emotions in order to help them understand what they are feeling (show them that
there's an appropriate way to handle emotions)
(SA) Describe an example of how culture can affect emotions/emotional development.
Be sure to contrast the American way with the chosen culture. - ANSWERS-First, is the
culture Individualistic (US/individual rights/freedoms) or is it Collectivist
(Japan/interdependence/group harmony)
-American versus Chinese use of shaming
-Shaming is used to get a child to follow rules and do what is expected of them
-Chinese people say this makes children strong and high achieving
-Ethnocentrism (don't say that the Chinese way is wrong, and the American way is
right; both ways work in their respective cultures)
-Tamang of Nepal
-Reaction to children's anger (Bushism)
-After age 2 anger is ignored or scolded by parents. This has no negative impact on the
child or on social competence
Exam Questions with Verified Answers
The 3 theories of emotional development - ANSWERS-Discrete Emotions Theory
(Nature and Nurture)
-Functionalist Theory (How culture affects psychological development)
-Dynamic System Theory (Individual Differences)
Izard's Discrete Emotions Theory - ANSWERS-Nature and Nurture
-Specific emotions are separated from birth
-(disgust, joy, anger, and fear) are innate emotions
Ekmon's Discrete Emotions Theory - ANSWERS-Nature and Nurture
-Cross-Cultural research shows that facial expressions associated with certain emotions
are universally used and understood
Campos' Functionalist Theory - ANSWERS-How culture affects psychological
development
-The purpose of emotions is to motivate action toward achieving a goal
-Babies don't have specific emotions, only positive/negative tones
-Emotions are intertwined with social interaction
-One's society/culture influences one's expressions and management of emotions
Dynamic System Theory - ANSWERS-Individual Differences
-Thinking, emotions, and experiences become linked over time to form personal
"emotional interpretations"
Why does the expression of emotions such as shame, guilt, and envy emerge later?
(within the second year of life) - ANSWERSThese are self-conscious emotions. So, as
children develop a sense of "self", the expression of these emotions also are able to
emerge
, Regulation of emotion - ANSWERSRegulation is important for being able to achieve
goals
How does regulation of emotion develop? - ANSWERSDevelopment involves...
-Progression from external to an internal control (thumbsucking, looking away then
dozing off, take deep breaths and count, rock back and forth)
-Use thinking and reasoning to control negative emotions
-Selecting appropriate coping strategies
What are some individual differences in emotion and its regulation and temperament? -
ANSWERSEasy vs Hard Baby:
-Easy Baby: rarely cries, easily distracted, low maintenance, sleeps well, good eater, no
tantrums, easy going
-Difficult Baby: Never wants to go to bed, not easy going, high maintenance, picky
eater, tantrums, high activity (into everything)
What can parents do to support healthy emotional development within their children?
(Socialization of children) - ANSWERS-Parents own expression of mostly positive
emotions
-Parents react well to children's genuine expressions of emotions by validating (allowing
the expression and supporting them)
-Around age two, parents can discuss emotions with children by putting labels on
certain emotions in order to help them understand what they are feeling (show them that
there's an appropriate way to handle emotions)
(SA) Describe an example of how culture can affect emotions/emotional development.
Be sure to contrast the American way with the chosen culture. - ANSWERS-First, is the
culture Individualistic (US/individual rights/freedoms) or is it Collectivist
(Japan/interdependence/group harmony)
-American versus Chinese use of shaming
-Shaming is used to get a child to follow rules and do what is expected of them
-Chinese people say this makes children strong and high achieving
-Ethnocentrism (don't say that the Chinese way is wrong, and the American way is
right; both ways work in their respective cultures)
-Tamang of Nepal
-Reaction to children's anger (Bushism)
-After age 2 anger is ignored or scolded by parents. This has no negative impact on the
child or on social competence
