Reforming A Nation
Transnational Reform Networks
• Collaboration between the United States and European nations to tackle
similar societal problems.
• Technological advancements in transportation and book distribution
facilitated the spread of ideas across the Atlantic.
• Exchange of ideas and network-building were critical in shared
movements such as religion, abolition, and women’s rights.
Second Great Awakening
• A period of religious enthusiasm starting in the 1790s that provided
comfort during turbulent times in America.
• Democratized American Christianity, making it a widespread movement.
• Methodism emerged as the largest denomination by the 1840s.
The Revival Experience
• Gatherings during the Second Great Awakening broke barriers of race,
class, and gender.
• Emphasized human free will over predestination.
• Rejected formal worship, encouraging emotional and personal
expressions of faith.
Mormonism
• Founded by Joseph Smith, who claimed to have discovered ancient
Christian writings in North America.
• The Book of Mormon was published in 1830, leading to the formation of a
church.
• Smith and followers moved west, expanding the Mormon religion.
Transcendentalism
• Originated from Unitarian ministers who opposed mainstream Christian