APUSH REVIEW
Period 1: Early Contacts Among Groups in North Period 2: North American Societies in the Context
America of the Atlantic World
Timeframe: 1491-1607 Timeframe: 1607-1754
Summary: Summary:
- american/national identity: - american/national identity:
- no cohesion among native american groups - english settlers considered “british” not
- europeans did not intend to stay american
- politics and power: - largely identity based on colony and class
- spanish dominated - politics and power:
- french/dutch were more trade-based - development of local power generally
- treaties/conflict w Native americans democratic in north, town/church meetings
- work, tech, exchange: - in south, aristocracy by land owners
- new crops and goods into europe, new tech into - work, tech, exchange:
america, Columbian Exchange - emergence of trade in New England, fishing
- mostly slave labor (native, african) and farming, timber, furs
- culture and society: - in south: slavery, indenture, cash crops
- blending of indigenous and european cultures - culture and society:
- exploration driven in part by religion - new england life based around puritan religion
- mestizos and racial/caste hierarchy - rigid racial system solidified in the south
- migration and settlement: - first great awakening (religious revival)
- humans came to american on bering land bridge - migration and settlement:
- europeans came to extract resources - religious dissidents from europe came to north
- geography/environment: or middle colonies
- gold in latin america drove exploration - in south, adventurers looking for wealth
- disease from europeans killed 95% of native - 700k+ enslaved people
people - geography/environment:
- america in the world: - climate/soil differences led to family farming
- competition between european powers as well as in north, plantations in south
native american groups led to alliances and - illness in mashy south killed indentured
conflict servants
Useful Resources: - america in the world:
➔ native pops before european arrival - continued competition with native americans
◆ three sisters: maize, beans, squash over land
◆ great league of peace: political confederation of 6 - scrabble between european powers to obtain
iroquois tribes seeking to coordinate collective territory and goods
action; each tribe had own political system and Useful Resources:
religious beliefs ➔ european imperial goals
➔ regions (natives adapted to environment) ◆ spanish: tight control, obtain gold, sought to
◆ NW: hunted, fished, foraged convert natives, subjugated natives
◆ Great Basin and Plains: predominantly hunting; ◆ dutch and french: sent fewer settlers, trade
lack of natural resources alliances made with natives, intermarried,
◆ NE: mix of agriculture and hunting traded beaver furs, established trading posts
➔ technological improvements (promoted contact and trade) instead of colonies
, ◆ sextant: determined longitude and latitude ◆ english: colonies established that relied on
◆ joint stock companies: ppl pooled money agriculture (tobacco - chesapeake (virginia +
together; allows them to raise money for maryland), many men and women populated
exploration colonies, hostile relationships with natives,
➔ reasons for exploration - gold (wealth), glory (power and intended to push natives out
status), god (spread christianity) ➔ british colonies
➔ Columbian Exchange - exchange of goods, ideas, people, ◆ rarely intermarried, rigid social hierarchy
diseases between europe, africa and americas ◆ atlantic slave trade caused by
◆ italian explorers ● racial superiority
● christopher columbus: attempted to ● lack of indentured servants after
prove westward sea route for east asian bacon’s rebellion 1676
trade, instead found bahamas 1492; ● natives higher mortality rates making
colonizer them harder to enslave; africans had
● amerigo vespucci: 1499-1502 trip along SA no geographical knowledge
coast found out that new world was a ● european demand for labor intensive
distinct continent from asia, goods
cartographer ● impact on african slavery: desire for
◆ european impact more land = conflict with natives,
● population growth (maize, potatoes) africans used covert (passive) and overt
● feudalism → capitalism forms of resistance (breaking tools,
◆ native impact running away etc)
● diseases wiped out populations (measles, ◆ new england
smallpox) ● puritans wanted like-minded
● horses and guns transformed way of life (homogeneous) community
(hunting easier, warfare more ● mixed economy - agriculture and trade
destructive) ● longer lives, more families
◆ african american impact ◆ middle colonies
● increase in slave trade (portuguese and ● religious, ethnically, demographically
spanish in africa) diverse
➔ transformation of the americas ● crops grown (cereal, grains)
◆ spanish contact ◆ southern
● caste system, diverse populations ● chesapeake (MD and VA), north
● mestizo - spanish x native carolina
● mulatto - spanish x african ○ tobacco, labor intensive
● encomienda system: spanish settlers ○ relied on indentured servants
given land, turned natives into slaves + initially switched to slavery
christianized them after bacon’s rebellion
○ natives had to pay spaniards, ◆ atlantic seaboard (SC) and west indies
were treated harshly, heavy ● long growing season, heavy use of
manual labor (construction of slaves, slaves made up most of
roads + infrastructure) population
○ replaced by african slave labor: ● staple crops: rice, sugar
couldn’t run away + more disease ● Enacted slave codes
immunity ➔ european conflicts in the americas
◆ treatment of natives
, ● bartolome de las casas: in favor of better ◆ colonists focused on goods that were valued in
treatment of natives europe (fur, tobacco)
● justified by white superiority, religion, ◆ different goals than european leaders
uncivilized view of groups ➔ european and native clashes
● sepulveda argues that Indians should be ◆ diseases ravaged native communities
“civilized,” converted, dominated ◆ pueblo revolt:
◆ conflict with natives ● spanish wanted to suppress native
● europeans wanted to change native life practices inconsistent with christianity
● natives wanted to preserve autonomy ● pueblos revolted, expelling spanish for
(self rule) 10+ years
◆ african adaptation to western hemisphere ● spanish regained control → more
● preserve autonomy accommodating to natives, advocated
● combine christianity and african religious assimilation of natives
religions ◆ native american warfare: more destructive
(guns, alcohol)
➔ impacts of exchanges in NA
◆ exchange of european and new world goods
increased
● slaves, tobacco, rice
◆ anglicization of british colonies
● transatlantic print culture, protestant
evangelism (1st great awakening),
enlightenment (john locke, what gov
should really be)
➔ british colonial relations
◆ similar laws, cultures, institutions, and gov
developed in british colonies
◆ mercantilism: > export than imports, make
money for mother country
● colonial resistance - smuggling
● salutary neglect - edmund burke;
british indifference; kept hands off
british colonies as long as they were
making money
● colonial arguments for resistance: self
gov, lack or representation,
enlightenment ideas such as liberty,
religious independence and diversity,
corruption in british imperial system
Period 3: Birth of a New Nation and Struggle for Period 4: Growing Pains of the New Republic
Identity Timeframe: 1800-1848
Timeframe: 1754-1800 Summary:
Summary: - american/national identity:
- american/national identity:
, - development of independent national identity - growing american identity, fractured by
leading to revolution sectional identity
- “american citizen” still white, wealthy males - exclusion of native americans despite
- politics and power: cooperation
- conflict over direct representation vs virtual - politics and power:
representation, taxes led to war - expansion of suffrage to all white men in
- articles of confederation (weak) jacksonian democracy and executive branch
- constitution (strong central gov) - conflict between north and south over slavery
- first party system: hamilton vs jefferson in new territories
- work, tech, exchange: - democrats vs whigs (second party)
- end of salutary neglect; english crown takes - work, tech, exchange:
control over more american goods, shipping → - Market Revolution: expansion of
war infrastructure, markets, railroads/canals,
- slavery continues to grow in south, helped by telegraph, cities
invention of cotton gin - conflict over national bank
- culture and society: - emergence of factories (lowell mills)
- influence of enlightenment thought on revolution - slavery continues to grow in south
- women played role in revolution but still not - culture and society:
considered citizens - second great awakening
- migration and settlement: - reform movements (abolition, temperance,
- continue push against western frontier for land woman suffrage, prison)
- continued importation of africans - “cult of domesticity” for women
- geography/environment: - migration and settlement:
- end of freely available land in east → push west = - americans push west, Manifest Destiny
conflict between coastal and famers - native americans forced west- Trail of Tears
- america in the world: - end of international slave trade, internal trade
- USA emerges as independent power continues
- alliance with france helps them win revolution, - “old immigrants” (German, Irish) to cities
but worries many - geography/environment:
Useful Resources: - expansion of cotton in south, expands slavery
➔ 1754-1763 - continued westward push, manifest destiny
◆ French and Indian (7 years war): caused by english - texas annexation
encroachment onto french lands - america in the world:
● most natives (except iroquois - split ) - war of 1812 ends british presence in north
sided with french america, ends hopes for native americans to
● natives + french vs colonists + british prevail
◆ great britain wins war; france removed from NA = - mexican war → territory
impacts native and colonists; huge shift in power Useful Resources:
◆ conflicts emerge between american colonists and ➔ increased democracy and government relationships
natives as colonists seek to expand ◆ emergence of political parties
● pontiac’s rebellion: native american chief ● federalists - Hamilton; american
pontiac led rebellion against british foreign policy should favor british
colonists interests, favored wealthy vs.
● proclamation line of 1763: british
response; stated that colonists could not
Period 1: Early Contacts Among Groups in North Period 2: North American Societies in the Context
America of the Atlantic World
Timeframe: 1491-1607 Timeframe: 1607-1754
Summary: Summary:
- american/national identity: - american/national identity:
- no cohesion among native american groups - english settlers considered “british” not
- europeans did not intend to stay american
- politics and power: - largely identity based on colony and class
- spanish dominated - politics and power:
- french/dutch were more trade-based - development of local power generally
- treaties/conflict w Native americans democratic in north, town/church meetings
- work, tech, exchange: - in south, aristocracy by land owners
- new crops and goods into europe, new tech into - work, tech, exchange:
america, Columbian Exchange - emergence of trade in New England, fishing
- mostly slave labor (native, african) and farming, timber, furs
- culture and society: - in south: slavery, indenture, cash crops
- blending of indigenous and european cultures - culture and society:
- exploration driven in part by religion - new england life based around puritan religion
- mestizos and racial/caste hierarchy - rigid racial system solidified in the south
- migration and settlement: - first great awakening (religious revival)
- humans came to american on bering land bridge - migration and settlement:
- europeans came to extract resources - religious dissidents from europe came to north
- geography/environment: or middle colonies
- gold in latin america drove exploration - in south, adventurers looking for wealth
- disease from europeans killed 95% of native - 700k+ enslaved people
people - geography/environment:
- america in the world: - climate/soil differences led to family farming
- competition between european powers as well as in north, plantations in south
native american groups led to alliances and - illness in mashy south killed indentured
conflict servants
Useful Resources: - america in the world:
➔ native pops before european arrival - continued competition with native americans
◆ three sisters: maize, beans, squash over land
◆ great league of peace: political confederation of 6 - scrabble between european powers to obtain
iroquois tribes seeking to coordinate collective territory and goods
action; each tribe had own political system and Useful Resources:
religious beliefs ➔ european imperial goals
➔ regions (natives adapted to environment) ◆ spanish: tight control, obtain gold, sought to
◆ NW: hunted, fished, foraged convert natives, subjugated natives
◆ Great Basin and Plains: predominantly hunting; ◆ dutch and french: sent fewer settlers, trade
lack of natural resources alliances made with natives, intermarried,
◆ NE: mix of agriculture and hunting traded beaver furs, established trading posts
➔ technological improvements (promoted contact and trade) instead of colonies
, ◆ sextant: determined longitude and latitude ◆ english: colonies established that relied on
◆ joint stock companies: ppl pooled money agriculture (tobacco - chesapeake (virginia +
together; allows them to raise money for maryland), many men and women populated
exploration colonies, hostile relationships with natives,
➔ reasons for exploration - gold (wealth), glory (power and intended to push natives out
status), god (spread christianity) ➔ british colonies
➔ Columbian Exchange - exchange of goods, ideas, people, ◆ rarely intermarried, rigid social hierarchy
diseases between europe, africa and americas ◆ atlantic slave trade caused by
◆ italian explorers ● racial superiority
● christopher columbus: attempted to ● lack of indentured servants after
prove westward sea route for east asian bacon’s rebellion 1676
trade, instead found bahamas 1492; ● natives higher mortality rates making
colonizer them harder to enslave; africans had
● amerigo vespucci: 1499-1502 trip along SA no geographical knowledge
coast found out that new world was a ● european demand for labor intensive
distinct continent from asia, goods
cartographer ● impact on african slavery: desire for
◆ european impact more land = conflict with natives,
● population growth (maize, potatoes) africans used covert (passive) and overt
● feudalism → capitalism forms of resistance (breaking tools,
◆ native impact running away etc)
● diseases wiped out populations (measles, ◆ new england
smallpox) ● puritans wanted like-minded
● horses and guns transformed way of life (homogeneous) community
(hunting easier, warfare more ● mixed economy - agriculture and trade
destructive) ● longer lives, more families
◆ african american impact ◆ middle colonies
● increase in slave trade (portuguese and ● religious, ethnically, demographically
spanish in africa) diverse
➔ transformation of the americas ● crops grown (cereal, grains)
◆ spanish contact ◆ southern
● caste system, diverse populations ● chesapeake (MD and VA), north
● mestizo - spanish x native carolina
● mulatto - spanish x african ○ tobacco, labor intensive
● encomienda system: spanish settlers ○ relied on indentured servants
given land, turned natives into slaves + initially switched to slavery
christianized them after bacon’s rebellion
○ natives had to pay spaniards, ◆ atlantic seaboard (SC) and west indies
were treated harshly, heavy ● long growing season, heavy use of
manual labor (construction of slaves, slaves made up most of
roads + infrastructure) population
○ replaced by african slave labor: ● staple crops: rice, sugar
couldn’t run away + more disease ● Enacted slave codes
immunity ➔ european conflicts in the americas
◆ treatment of natives
, ● bartolome de las casas: in favor of better ◆ colonists focused on goods that were valued in
treatment of natives europe (fur, tobacco)
● justified by white superiority, religion, ◆ different goals than european leaders
uncivilized view of groups ➔ european and native clashes
● sepulveda argues that Indians should be ◆ diseases ravaged native communities
“civilized,” converted, dominated ◆ pueblo revolt:
◆ conflict with natives ● spanish wanted to suppress native
● europeans wanted to change native life practices inconsistent with christianity
● natives wanted to preserve autonomy ● pueblos revolted, expelling spanish for
(self rule) 10+ years
◆ african adaptation to western hemisphere ● spanish regained control → more
● preserve autonomy accommodating to natives, advocated
● combine christianity and african religious assimilation of natives
religions ◆ native american warfare: more destructive
(guns, alcohol)
➔ impacts of exchanges in NA
◆ exchange of european and new world goods
increased
● slaves, tobacco, rice
◆ anglicization of british colonies
● transatlantic print culture, protestant
evangelism (1st great awakening),
enlightenment (john locke, what gov
should really be)
➔ british colonial relations
◆ similar laws, cultures, institutions, and gov
developed in british colonies
◆ mercantilism: > export than imports, make
money for mother country
● colonial resistance - smuggling
● salutary neglect - edmund burke;
british indifference; kept hands off
british colonies as long as they were
making money
● colonial arguments for resistance: self
gov, lack or representation,
enlightenment ideas such as liberty,
religious independence and diversity,
corruption in british imperial system
Period 3: Birth of a New Nation and Struggle for Period 4: Growing Pains of the New Republic
Identity Timeframe: 1800-1848
Timeframe: 1754-1800 Summary:
Summary: - american/national identity:
- american/national identity:
, - development of independent national identity - growing american identity, fractured by
leading to revolution sectional identity
- “american citizen” still white, wealthy males - exclusion of native americans despite
- politics and power: cooperation
- conflict over direct representation vs virtual - politics and power:
representation, taxes led to war - expansion of suffrage to all white men in
- articles of confederation (weak) jacksonian democracy and executive branch
- constitution (strong central gov) - conflict between north and south over slavery
- first party system: hamilton vs jefferson in new territories
- work, tech, exchange: - democrats vs whigs (second party)
- end of salutary neglect; english crown takes - work, tech, exchange:
control over more american goods, shipping → - Market Revolution: expansion of
war infrastructure, markets, railroads/canals,
- slavery continues to grow in south, helped by telegraph, cities
invention of cotton gin - conflict over national bank
- culture and society: - emergence of factories (lowell mills)
- influence of enlightenment thought on revolution - slavery continues to grow in south
- women played role in revolution but still not - culture and society:
considered citizens - second great awakening
- migration and settlement: - reform movements (abolition, temperance,
- continue push against western frontier for land woman suffrage, prison)
- continued importation of africans - “cult of domesticity” for women
- geography/environment: - migration and settlement:
- end of freely available land in east → push west = - americans push west, Manifest Destiny
conflict between coastal and famers - native americans forced west- Trail of Tears
- america in the world: - end of international slave trade, internal trade
- USA emerges as independent power continues
- alliance with france helps them win revolution, - “old immigrants” (German, Irish) to cities
but worries many - geography/environment:
Useful Resources: - expansion of cotton in south, expands slavery
➔ 1754-1763 - continued westward push, manifest destiny
◆ French and Indian (7 years war): caused by english - texas annexation
encroachment onto french lands - america in the world:
● most natives (except iroquois - split ) - war of 1812 ends british presence in north
sided with french america, ends hopes for native americans to
● natives + french vs colonists + british prevail
◆ great britain wins war; france removed from NA = - mexican war → territory
impacts native and colonists; huge shift in power Useful Resources:
◆ conflicts emerge between american colonists and ➔ increased democracy and government relationships
natives as colonists seek to expand ◆ emergence of political parties
● pontiac’s rebellion: native american chief ● federalists - Hamilton; american
pontiac led rebellion against british foreign policy should favor british
colonists interests, favored wealthy vs.
● proclamation line of 1763: british
response; stated that colonists could not
