Certified Stroke Rehabilitation Specialist (CSRS 2025) Test
with Answers Graded A+
Types of stroke Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH) - -3% of
(Lesson 2) - -Ischemic: 87% all stroke
-Thrombotic -occurs often during strenuous activity
-Embolic -cause: rupture aneurysms and vascular
-Lacunar malformations
Hemorrhagic: 13% -sudden onset
-Intracerebral -7% are associated with preceding TIA
-Subarachnoid
Left Stroke with Right Hemiplegia - --
Thrombotic Stroke (Ischemic) - -48% of all Language/Perceptual problems
strokes -expressive aphasia
-typically occurs during sleep -receptive aphasia
-slow progressive onset of deficits -global aphasia
-50% are associated with prior TIA -alexia, agraphia , acalculia
-apraxias: motor planning perceptual problems
(Impaired verbal and math skills with word letter
Embolic Stroke (Ischemic) - -26% of all discrimination
strokes
-typically occurs while awake
-sudden, immediate deficits (sometimes Left Stroke with Right Hemiplegia (BEHAVIORS)
seizures) - --Slow, anxious, cautious, normal
-11% are associated with prior TIA attention span
-underestimated abilities
-emotionally labile ( abrupt mood changes)
Lucunar Stroke (Ischemic) -quick to anger and/or become frustrated
small vessel disease - -13% of all strokes
-small infarct (>15-20 cm) deep in the brain
-onset can be gradual or sudden Right Stroke with Left Hemiplegia - -
-23% associated with proceeding TIA Perceptual problems/ Distortion of physical reality
-often pure sensory or motor symptoms -visual spatial disorders :depth perception
-typically no higher cortical functional involved -constructional relationships
-directional concepts
-neglect, drawing abilities
Intracerebral Hemmorhage (ICH) - -10% of -body schema perception disorders;
all strokes -perceptual language disorders
-90% happen with the patient is under "no stress" language
-major cause of "hypertension"
-onset may be gradual or sudden
-8% are associated with prior TIA Right Stroke with Left Hemiplegia (BEHAVIORS)
-direct correlation with high blood pressure/ - --fast and impulsive
hypertension -short attention span
-overestimate abilities/ judgement
-denial of illness (anosognosia)
,Certified Stroke Rehabilitation Specialist (CSRS 2025) Test
with Answers Graded A+
-lack of inhibition -stores motor memories and directs activity of
-inability to express emotions /affect is flat primary motor cortex
-lesion may result in apraxia
Cerebrum - --frontal, parietal, temporal,
and occipital lobes Broca's Area - -Controls language
-consisting of two hemispheres, left and right, expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in
separated by a fissure the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle
-responsible for the integration of complex movements involved in speech.
sensory and neural functions and the initiation -Speech motor area (expressive)
and coordination of voluntary activity in the body. -located only in the left side of the brain in 90% of
initiates and coordinates movement and people
regulates temperature. Other areas of the -can be flipped with left -handed people
cerebrum enable speech, judgment, thinking and
reasoning, problem-solving, emotions and
learning. Wernike's Area - -language comprehension
-located in the left hemisphere in 90% of people
-important for understanding language including:
Frontal Lobe - --controls voluntary verbal sign and written language
movement -corresponding area contralaterally responsible
-thinking problem solving for interpretation of nonverbal communication
-reasoning judgement -damage results in receptive aphasia (
-personality
Parietal Lobe - -A region of the cerebral
Primary Motor Cortex cortex whose functions include processing
(motor homunculus) - --located on the pre- information about touch.
central gyrus -perception
-controls voluntary movement -processing of sensation
-lesion to this area results in motor deficits and/or -spatial awareness
paralysis to the contralateral side of the body
Somatosensory Cortex
Premotor Cortex - --located just anterior to -Sensory Homunculus - -area at the front of
the primary motor cortex the parietal lobes that registers and processes
-controls actions of trunk and proximal limb body touch and movement sensations
muscles (Brodmann area 1,2, 3a and 3b)
-responsible for body part ownership -located on the postcentral gyrus
-lesion to this area result in unilateral neglect -perceives pain, temperature, pressure
-touch, vibration, and proprioception
Supplementary Motor Cortex - --located
medial to the primary motor cortex Parietotemporal Association Cortex - -
-motor planning region located:
, Certified Stroke Rehabilitation Specialist (CSRS 2025) Test
with Answers Graded A+
-posterior and inferior portion of the parietal lobe -auditory system
-overlaps parietal and temporal lobe -olfactory system
-involved in abstract thought, reading and writing -facial recognition
-mathematics, spatial perception
-understanding written language (angular gyrus)
Aphasia (3 types) - -A language disorder
that affects a person's ability to communicate.
Occipital Lobe - -A region of the cerebral -Expressive aphasia - you know what you want to
cortex that processes visual information say, but you have trouble saying or writing what
-contain two important regions you mean.
-Primary Visual Cortex -Receptive aphasia - you hear the voice or see
-Visual Association Area the print, but you can't make sense of the words.
-Global aphasia - you can't speak, understand
speech, read, or write
Primary Visual Cortes ( Occipital Lobe) - -
Responsible for:
-visual perception Primary Olfactory Cortex - -responsible for
-receiving visual input from the contralateral awareness and identification of an odor
visual field Damage results in:
Damage results in: -Anosmia: loss of smell bilaterally (deficits in
-hemianopsia: injury on one side taste with patient exhibiting decreased appetite
-cortical blindness : bilateral injury and weight loss . known to cause safety issue
-qudrantanopia: anopia affecting a quarter of the with gas leaks
field of vision. (describes defects confined mostly
to approximately one-fourth of an eye's visual
space) Amygdala - --two bean shaped clusters,
one located in each hemisphere of the brain,
considered to be part of the brain's limbic system.
Visual Association Area (Occipital Lobe) - - This is where emotions are given meaning,
Located anterior to the primary visual cortex remembered, and attached to associations and
Responsible for: responses to them (emotional memories)
-interpretation of visual stimuli (spatial perception -small almond shaped structure on the medial
& recognition of faces) side of the temporal lobe
Damage results in: involved in:
-visual agnosia: the patient can see the item -processing and consolidating memory
however they can not recognize it -autonomic responses associated with fear
-emotional responses (fight-or flight) anger,
sadness and controlling of agression
Temporal Lobe - -An area on each
hemisphere of the cerebral cortex near the
temples that is the primary receiving area for Hippocampus - -a neural center located in
auditory information the limbic system; helps process explicit
-limbic system (responsible for emotion & memories for storage
memory) -involved in the creation of new long-term
with Answers Graded A+
Types of stroke Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH) - -3% of
(Lesson 2) - -Ischemic: 87% all stroke
-Thrombotic -occurs often during strenuous activity
-Embolic -cause: rupture aneurysms and vascular
-Lacunar malformations
Hemorrhagic: 13% -sudden onset
-Intracerebral -7% are associated with preceding TIA
-Subarachnoid
Left Stroke with Right Hemiplegia - --
Thrombotic Stroke (Ischemic) - -48% of all Language/Perceptual problems
strokes -expressive aphasia
-typically occurs during sleep -receptive aphasia
-slow progressive onset of deficits -global aphasia
-50% are associated with prior TIA -alexia, agraphia , acalculia
-apraxias: motor planning perceptual problems
(Impaired verbal and math skills with word letter
Embolic Stroke (Ischemic) - -26% of all discrimination
strokes
-typically occurs while awake
-sudden, immediate deficits (sometimes Left Stroke with Right Hemiplegia (BEHAVIORS)
seizures) - --Slow, anxious, cautious, normal
-11% are associated with prior TIA attention span
-underestimated abilities
-emotionally labile ( abrupt mood changes)
Lucunar Stroke (Ischemic) -quick to anger and/or become frustrated
small vessel disease - -13% of all strokes
-small infarct (>15-20 cm) deep in the brain
-onset can be gradual or sudden Right Stroke with Left Hemiplegia - -
-23% associated with proceeding TIA Perceptual problems/ Distortion of physical reality
-often pure sensory or motor symptoms -visual spatial disorders :depth perception
-typically no higher cortical functional involved -constructional relationships
-directional concepts
-neglect, drawing abilities
Intracerebral Hemmorhage (ICH) - -10% of -body schema perception disorders;
all strokes -perceptual language disorders
-90% happen with the patient is under "no stress" language
-major cause of "hypertension"
-onset may be gradual or sudden
-8% are associated with prior TIA Right Stroke with Left Hemiplegia (BEHAVIORS)
-direct correlation with high blood pressure/ - --fast and impulsive
hypertension -short attention span
-overestimate abilities/ judgement
-denial of illness (anosognosia)
,Certified Stroke Rehabilitation Specialist (CSRS 2025) Test
with Answers Graded A+
-lack of inhibition -stores motor memories and directs activity of
-inability to express emotions /affect is flat primary motor cortex
-lesion may result in apraxia
Cerebrum - --frontal, parietal, temporal,
and occipital lobes Broca's Area - -Controls language
-consisting of two hemispheres, left and right, expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in
separated by a fissure the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle
-responsible for the integration of complex movements involved in speech.
sensory and neural functions and the initiation -Speech motor area (expressive)
and coordination of voluntary activity in the body. -located only in the left side of the brain in 90% of
initiates and coordinates movement and people
regulates temperature. Other areas of the -can be flipped with left -handed people
cerebrum enable speech, judgment, thinking and
reasoning, problem-solving, emotions and
learning. Wernike's Area - -language comprehension
-located in the left hemisphere in 90% of people
-important for understanding language including:
Frontal Lobe - --controls voluntary verbal sign and written language
movement -corresponding area contralaterally responsible
-thinking problem solving for interpretation of nonverbal communication
-reasoning judgement -damage results in receptive aphasia (
-personality
Parietal Lobe - -A region of the cerebral
Primary Motor Cortex cortex whose functions include processing
(motor homunculus) - --located on the pre- information about touch.
central gyrus -perception
-controls voluntary movement -processing of sensation
-lesion to this area results in motor deficits and/or -spatial awareness
paralysis to the contralateral side of the body
Somatosensory Cortex
Premotor Cortex - --located just anterior to -Sensory Homunculus - -area at the front of
the primary motor cortex the parietal lobes that registers and processes
-controls actions of trunk and proximal limb body touch and movement sensations
muscles (Brodmann area 1,2, 3a and 3b)
-responsible for body part ownership -located on the postcentral gyrus
-lesion to this area result in unilateral neglect -perceives pain, temperature, pressure
-touch, vibration, and proprioception
Supplementary Motor Cortex - --located
medial to the primary motor cortex Parietotemporal Association Cortex - -
-motor planning region located:
, Certified Stroke Rehabilitation Specialist (CSRS 2025) Test
with Answers Graded A+
-posterior and inferior portion of the parietal lobe -auditory system
-overlaps parietal and temporal lobe -olfactory system
-involved in abstract thought, reading and writing -facial recognition
-mathematics, spatial perception
-understanding written language (angular gyrus)
Aphasia (3 types) - -A language disorder
that affects a person's ability to communicate.
Occipital Lobe - -A region of the cerebral -Expressive aphasia - you know what you want to
cortex that processes visual information say, but you have trouble saying or writing what
-contain two important regions you mean.
-Primary Visual Cortex -Receptive aphasia - you hear the voice or see
-Visual Association Area the print, but you can't make sense of the words.
-Global aphasia - you can't speak, understand
speech, read, or write
Primary Visual Cortes ( Occipital Lobe) - -
Responsible for:
-visual perception Primary Olfactory Cortex - -responsible for
-receiving visual input from the contralateral awareness and identification of an odor
visual field Damage results in:
Damage results in: -Anosmia: loss of smell bilaterally (deficits in
-hemianopsia: injury on one side taste with patient exhibiting decreased appetite
-cortical blindness : bilateral injury and weight loss . known to cause safety issue
-qudrantanopia: anopia affecting a quarter of the with gas leaks
field of vision. (describes defects confined mostly
to approximately one-fourth of an eye's visual
space) Amygdala - --two bean shaped clusters,
one located in each hemisphere of the brain,
considered to be part of the brain's limbic system.
Visual Association Area (Occipital Lobe) - - This is where emotions are given meaning,
Located anterior to the primary visual cortex remembered, and attached to associations and
Responsible for: responses to them (emotional memories)
-interpretation of visual stimuli (spatial perception -small almond shaped structure on the medial
& recognition of faces) side of the temporal lobe
Damage results in: involved in:
-visual agnosia: the patient can see the item -processing and consolidating memory
however they can not recognize it -autonomic responses associated with fear
-emotional responses (fight-or flight) anger,
sadness and controlling of agression
Temporal Lobe - -An area on each
hemisphere of the cerebral cortex near the
temples that is the primary receiving area for Hippocampus - -a neural center located in
auditory information the limbic system; helps process explicit
-limbic system (responsible for emotion & memories for storage
memory) -involved in the creation of new long-term
