anatomy
Created @December 6, 2022 1:01 PM
Reviewed
building a human
Know the steps of pre- and post-implantation development
during week 1 - fertilised egg (zygote) travels to and implants (day 8) in
uterus, supporting tissues formed
cleavage of fertilised embryo - rapid cell division without growth (morula,
day 3/4)
blastocyst (day 5/6) - trophoblast outside (syncytiotrophoblast - interacts
with uterus), inner cell mass (cytotrophoblast - becomes embryo), large
cavity (becomes yolk sac/umbilical vesicle)
during week 2: inner cell mass > blastodisc = two layers (amniotic sac
above all) epiblast on top (germ + amniotic membrane, columnar epith),
then hypoblast (heusers membrane, cuboidal)
1st trimester = embryonic, 2nd and 3rd = fetal
Understand the process of gastrulation and its importance
during week 3 - epiblast cells move in through primitive streak (caudal
origin) into germ layers (ingression) - generate body plan
Understand the significance of the germ layers
endoderm (formed first) eg. alveolar, thyroid, pancreatic
mesoderm = intermediate (kidney, gonads), chorda (notochord), lateral
plate (splachnic - circulatory, somatic body wall, extra embryonic),
paraxial (skull, vert column + somites = sclerotome, myotomes (all 3
muscle), dermatome, syndotome, endothelia)
ectoderm (last) = neural tube (CNS), epidermis (skin, teeth, pit, hair,
glands), neural crest (PNS, pigment, chromaffin, teeth, jaw, schwann,
anatomy 1
, cartilage etc)
Understand neurulation and its importance
from anterior to posterior: neural plate closes in to fold and fuses into
neural tube = CNS
notochord below tube > not structurally important but instructs early cell
development then becomes intervertebral disc centre (nucleus pulposis)
defects = spina bifida, anencephalitis
Appreciate the significance of the neural crest
between neural plate and ectoderm > plate folds leaving cells on top
below epidermis > migrate from top of neural tube around body
become much of PNS, pigments, head skeleton eg jaw, schwann, cartilage
Understand what somites are and their importance
blocks of mesoderm either side of neural tube = backbone
during week 4: pre-somitic mesoderm buds into somites > extend embryo
from anterior in posterior direction = somitogenesis
instruct neural crest cell and motor neurone migration
derive into sClerotome (Cartilage), Myotome (Muscle) and Dermatome
(Dermis) of backbone
defects = scoliosis
Understand what endoderm is and know its main derivatives
foregut = thyroid, thymus, lung, oesophagus, liver, pancreas, stomach,
proximal duo
midgut = appendix, rest of SI, ascending and 3/4 transverse colon
hindgut = colon
Appreciate that the development of the head is different
lack of coelom, less somite importance, ectodermal placodes/NC/epithelial
primordia important
skull bones from neural crest and paraxial mesoderm
anatomy 2
, frontonasal region from fusion of primordia
secondary palate from growth, elevation and fusion of shelves
Understand the growth of the embryo/foetus and the basic anatomy
problems early (embryonic stage before wk 6) = more catastrophic as
development builds on prior steps
week 6-26 = growth, more normal proportions
week 26 = looks same
anatomy and evolution
Recognise phylogenies and understand where we sit in the phylogenetic tree
description of species relatedness (family tree)
emergence of anatomy through evolution
phylum = subdivision in animal kingdom, shared features eg. chordata
humans = chordates, vertebrates, tetrapods, amniotes, mammals, primates
Understand how phylogenies are arrived at
shared features (synapomorphy)
shared gene sequences/order on chromosomes (initially rRNA now
genome)
fossils give insight into events
3 key events for humans = emergence of vertebrates, gnathosomes,
tetrapods
Understand that we are chordates and the features that define this phylum
chordata (600mil) = vertebrata (humans, 500mil yrs), cephalochordata,
tunicata (back, head, body)
features = notochord (flexible mesoderm rod/backbone - vertebrae in
vertebrates), dorsal hollow nerve cord (ectoderm), postanal tail (muscle
segments), pharyngeal slits (suspension feeding/GE)
Know the major groups of vertebrates
anatomy 3
, in order of relatedness: agnathans, fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals,
AFARM
Understand the differences between the vertebrates and other chordates
vertebrates = teeth
also head modifications (paired sensory organs frontal, complex CNS,
reduced muscular pharynx with skeletal support) allowing predation
Understand the differences between jawless and jawed vertebrates
first jawless (hagfish, lamprey) > cyclostome (1 nostrol) > gnathosome (2)
> ostracoderms > jawed vertebrates > crown inc humans (endochondral
bone)
jaw + backbone + paired fins = exploration
Understand the features that define us as tetrapods, amniotes and mammals
tetrapods = live on land - limbs from fins, lungs from gills, mobile neck
(separation between pectoral girdle/cervical vertebrae and skull), larynx
(communication), regionalised axial skeleton, parathyroid gland (ca reg),
sacral vertebrae coupled to pelvic girdle (limb movement), palatal
structure change (muscular tongue, breathing)
tetrapods = amniotes (us, reptiles, mammals) and amphibia ARM
amniotes = no water - egg has 3 membranes (chorion outer, allantois
GE/umbilical cord, amnion inner)
mammals (eutherians, marsupials, monotremers)-
hair/sweat/sebaceous/mammary glands, 3 ear ossicles (hearing from
malleus and incus and quadrate for mastication), 4 heart chambers,
diaphragm
birds = feathers, no teeth, pneumatised bone
primates (us) - similar features, genomes (4% to chimp), protein coding
regions
genes and development
Understand how diversity in cell types occurs
anatomy 4
Created @December 6, 2022 1:01 PM
Reviewed
building a human
Know the steps of pre- and post-implantation development
during week 1 - fertilised egg (zygote) travels to and implants (day 8) in
uterus, supporting tissues formed
cleavage of fertilised embryo - rapid cell division without growth (morula,
day 3/4)
blastocyst (day 5/6) - trophoblast outside (syncytiotrophoblast - interacts
with uterus), inner cell mass (cytotrophoblast - becomes embryo), large
cavity (becomes yolk sac/umbilical vesicle)
during week 2: inner cell mass > blastodisc = two layers (amniotic sac
above all) epiblast on top (germ + amniotic membrane, columnar epith),
then hypoblast (heusers membrane, cuboidal)
1st trimester = embryonic, 2nd and 3rd = fetal
Understand the process of gastrulation and its importance
during week 3 - epiblast cells move in through primitive streak (caudal
origin) into germ layers (ingression) - generate body plan
Understand the significance of the germ layers
endoderm (formed first) eg. alveolar, thyroid, pancreatic
mesoderm = intermediate (kidney, gonads), chorda (notochord), lateral
plate (splachnic - circulatory, somatic body wall, extra embryonic),
paraxial (skull, vert column + somites = sclerotome, myotomes (all 3
muscle), dermatome, syndotome, endothelia)
ectoderm (last) = neural tube (CNS), epidermis (skin, teeth, pit, hair,
glands), neural crest (PNS, pigment, chromaffin, teeth, jaw, schwann,
anatomy 1
, cartilage etc)
Understand neurulation and its importance
from anterior to posterior: neural plate closes in to fold and fuses into
neural tube = CNS
notochord below tube > not structurally important but instructs early cell
development then becomes intervertebral disc centre (nucleus pulposis)
defects = spina bifida, anencephalitis
Appreciate the significance of the neural crest
between neural plate and ectoderm > plate folds leaving cells on top
below epidermis > migrate from top of neural tube around body
become much of PNS, pigments, head skeleton eg jaw, schwann, cartilage
Understand what somites are and their importance
blocks of mesoderm either side of neural tube = backbone
during week 4: pre-somitic mesoderm buds into somites > extend embryo
from anterior in posterior direction = somitogenesis
instruct neural crest cell and motor neurone migration
derive into sClerotome (Cartilage), Myotome (Muscle) and Dermatome
(Dermis) of backbone
defects = scoliosis
Understand what endoderm is and know its main derivatives
foregut = thyroid, thymus, lung, oesophagus, liver, pancreas, stomach,
proximal duo
midgut = appendix, rest of SI, ascending and 3/4 transverse colon
hindgut = colon
Appreciate that the development of the head is different
lack of coelom, less somite importance, ectodermal placodes/NC/epithelial
primordia important
skull bones from neural crest and paraxial mesoderm
anatomy 2
, frontonasal region from fusion of primordia
secondary palate from growth, elevation and fusion of shelves
Understand the growth of the embryo/foetus and the basic anatomy
problems early (embryonic stage before wk 6) = more catastrophic as
development builds on prior steps
week 6-26 = growth, more normal proportions
week 26 = looks same
anatomy and evolution
Recognise phylogenies and understand where we sit in the phylogenetic tree
description of species relatedness (family tree)
emergence of anatomy through evolution
phylum = subdivision in animal kingdom, shared features eg. chordata
humans = chordates, vertebrates, tetrapods, amniotes, mammals, primates
Understand how phylogenies are arrived at
shared features (synapomorphy)
shared gene sequences/order on chromosomes (initially rRNA now
genome)
fossils give insight into events
3 key events for humans = emergence of vertebrates, gnathosomes,
tetrapods
Understand that we are chordates and the features that define this phylum
chordata (600mil) = vertebrata (humans, 500mil yrs), cephalochordata,
tunicata (back, head, body)
features = notochord (flexible mesoderm rod/backbone - vertebrae in
vertebrates), dorsal hollow nerve cord (ectoderm), postanal tail (muscle
segments), pharyngeal slits (suspension feeding/GE)
Know the major groups of vertebrates
anatomy 3
, in order of relatedness: agnathans, fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals,
AFARM
Understand the differences between the vertebrates and other chordates
vertebrates = teeth
also head modifications (paired sensory organs frontal, complex CNS,
reduced muscular pharynx with skeletal support) allowing predation
Understand the differences between jawless and jawed vertebrates
first jawless (hagfish, lamprey) > cyclostome (1 nostrol) > gnathosome (2)
> ostracoderms > jawed vertebrates > crown inc humans (endochondral
bone)
jaw + backbone + paired fins = exploration
Understand the features that define us as tetrapods, amniotes and mammals
tetrapods = live on land - limbs from fins, lungs from gills, mobile neck
(separation between pectoral girdle/cervical vertebrae and skull), larynx
(communication), regionalised axial skeleton, parathyroid gland (ca reg),
sacral vertebrae coupled to pelvic girdle (limb movement), palatal
structure change (muscular tongue, breathing)
tetrapods = amniotes (us, reptiles, mammals) and amphibia ARM
amniotes = no water - egg has 3 membranes (chorion outer, allantois
GE/umbilical cord, amnion inner)
mammals (eutherians, marsupials, monotremers)-
hair/sweat/sebaceous/mammary glands, 3 ear ossicles (hearing from
malleus and incus and quadrate for mastication), 4 heart chambers,
diaphragm
birds = feathers, no teeth, pneumatised bone
primates (us) - similar features, genomes (4% to chimp), protein coding
regions
genes and development
Understand how diversity in cell types occurs
anatomy 4
