BIO 207 UMICH EXAM 1 UPDATED Exam
Questions and CORRECT Answers
What is a microorganism (microbe)? - CORRECT ANSWER - -microscopic unicellular
organisms
-not just bacterial
-exist in all 3 domains (eukaryotic, bacteria, archaea)
-viruses also considered microbes
eukaryotes - CORRECT ANSWER - -protists and fungi
-extensive membrane-bound organelles
-DNA enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus
-cells are generally larger and more complex
-18S rRNA
Prokaryotes - CORRECT ANSWER - -bacteria and archaea
-no extensive membraine bound organellses (but some bacteria still have membrane bound
organelles)
-no nucleus
-diverse environments, in & on us
-generally smaller than eukaryotic cells
-16S rRNA
Genetic diversity on earth - CORRECT ANSWER - the overwhelming proportion of
genetic diversity is encoded by microbes
archaea - CORRECT ANSWER - -have a mixture of eukaryotic and bacterial features
-phenotypic features that distinguish them from bacteria:
cell walls-different amino acids & sugars than those of bacteria
,cell membranes-chemically distinct from bacterial membranes w differing lipid structures and
chemical links
-gene expresion machinery that is more similar to euks (RNA Pol, rRNA)
-many are extremophiles
mycology - CORRECT ANSWER - -study of fungi
-eukaryotic microbes (>100,000 species)
-dont carry out photosynthesis
-cell walls contain chitin (super strong amino-polysaccharide)
-membranes contain ergostrerol (not present in animals and plants & is the target of some anti-
fungal drugs)
-Unicellular (yeast) and multicellular (molds/mycelial)
Yeasts - CORRECT ANSWER - -unicellular fungi (euks)
-saccaromyces cerevisiae (bakers/brewers yeast)
-candida albicans (yeast infections)
-reproduce by budding off its body, spores, or mycelial fragmentation
-almost all fungi can also reproduce sexually through meiosis
molds - CORRECT ANSWER - -mycelial (multicellular euks) masses
-hyphae: multinucleate cell filaments which extend & form branches, generating a mycelium
-septate: multiple cells w septa dividing cytoplasms
-coenocytic: one long cell w many nuclei) types of hyphae
mycelia, mushrooms & mycorrhizae - CORRECT ANSWER - diff fungi forms:
-the familiar mushrooms
-mycelia of pathogens
-symbiotic partners of algae in lichens
,major clades of fungi - CORRECT ANSWER - -chytridiomycota
-zygomycota (bread molds)
-ascomycota (bakers yeast)
-basidiomycota (mushrooms)
mycorrhizae - CORRECT ANSWER - myco = fungus, rhiza = root
-symbiotic association between plant roots & fungi
-two common types: endomycorrhizae (penetrate cell wall of plant root cells), ectomycorrhizae
(do not)
benefits of symbiosis between mycorrhizae and plants - CORRECT ANSWER - benefits
to fungus: plants provide a source of carbohydrates to the fungus from photosynthesis
benefits to plant: fungi provide increased mineral nutrients (extend the volume of soil accessible)
fungi improve a plants access to water - more drought tolerant
algae - CORRECT ANSWER - photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. contain
chlorophyll/plasts.
algae not necessarily related
-unicellular microalgae (diatomes)
-multicellular chains (giant kelp)
-brown algae
-lack structures characteristic of land plants (leaves, roots)
ecology:
-mostly aquatic
-water necessary for physical support, reproduction, diffusion of nutrients
, -can grow wherever theres water and sunlight
phytoplankton - CORRECT ANSWER - (aka microalgae)
-microscopic life that forms the base of the marine food chain
-contain chlorophyll & require sunlight to live & grow
-provide 70-80% of the planets atmospheric oxygen
-key factor in Earth's carbon cycle
4 most abundant types:
-diatoms (microalgae- euk)
-dinoflagellates (microalgae- euk)
-prochlorococcus (cyanobacteria- not euk)
-synechococcus (cyanobacteria- not euk)
diatoms - CORRECT ANSWER - algae that live in glass houses
-only organism w cell walls composed of silica (frustule)
-most diverse protist (unicell euk)
-diatom diversity is a reflection of adverse effect of damages in an ecosystem
-make 20% of atmospheric oxygen
-contribute half of organic material in ocean
dinoflagellates - CORRECT ANSWER - eukaryotic unicellular microalgae
-have 2 flagella for propulsion & turning
-in marine and freshwater ecosystems
-responsible for harmful algal booms (red tide)
prochlorococcus & synechococcus - CORRECT ANSWER - aka cyanobacteria called
bluegreen algae but are NOT algae
Questions and CORRECT Answers
What is a microorganism (microbe)? - CORRECT ANSWER - -microscopic unicellular
organisms
-not just bacterial
-exist in all 3 domains (eukaryotic, bacteria, archaea)
-viruses also considered microbes
eukaryotes - CORRECT ANSWER - -protists and fungi
-extensive membrane-bound organelles
-DNA enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus
-cells are generally larger and more complex
-18S rRNA
Prokaryotes - CORRECT ANSWER - -bacteria and archaea
-no extensive membraine bound organellses (but some bacteria still have membrane bound
organelles)
-no nucleus
-diverse environments, in & on us
-generally smaller than eukaryotic cells
-16S rRNA
Genetic diversity on earth - CORRECT ANSWER - the overwhelming proportion of
genetic diversity is encoded by microbes
archaea - CORRECT ANSWER - -have a mixture of eukaryotic and bacterial features
-phenotypic features that distinguish them from bacteria:
cell walls-different amino acids & sugars than those of bacteria
,cell membranes-chemically distinct from bacterial membranes w differing lipid structures and
chemical links
-gene expresion machinery that is more similar to euks (RNA Pol, rRNA)
-many are extremophiles
mycology - CORRECT ANSWER - -study of fungi
-eukaryotic microbes (>100,000 species)
-dont carry out photosynthesis
-cell walls contain chitin (super strong amino-polysaccharide)
-membranes contain ergostrerol (not present in animals and plants & is the target of some anti-
fungal drugs)
-Unicellular (yeast) and multicellular (molds/mycelial)
Yeasts - CORRECT ANSWER - -unicellular fungi (euks)
-saccaromyces cerevisiae (bakers/brewers yeast)
-candida albicans (yeast infections)
-reproduce by budding off its body, spores, or mycelial fragmentation
-almost all fungi can also reproduce sexually through meiosis
molds - CORRECT ANSWER - -mycelial (multicellular euks) masses
-hyphae: multinucleate cell filaments which extend & form branches, generating a mycelium
-septate: multiple cells w septa dividing cytoplasms
-coenocytic: one long cell w many nuclei) types of hyphae
mycelia, mushrooms & mycorrhizae - CORRECT ANSWER - diff fungi forms:
-the familiar mushrooms
-mycelia of pathogens
-symbiotic partners of algae in lichens
,major clades of fungi - CORRECT ANSWER - -chytridiomycota
-zygomycota (bread molds)
-ascomycota (bakers yeast)
-basidiomycota (mushrooms)
mycorrhizae - CORRECT ANSWER - myco = fungus, rhiza = root
-symbiotic association between plant roots & fungi
-two common types: endomycorrhizae (penetrate cell wall of plant root cells), ectomycorrhizae
(do not)
benefits of symbiosis between mycorrhizae and plants - CORRECT ANSWER - benefits
to fungus: plants provide a source of carbohydrates to the fungus from photosynthesis
benefits to plant: fungi provide increased mineral nutrients (extend the volume of soil accessible)
fungi improve a plants access to water - more drought tolerant
algae - CORRECT ANSWER - photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. contain
chlorophyll/plasts.
algae not necessarily related
-unicellular microalgae (diatomes)
-multicellular chains (giant kelp)
-brown algae
-lack structures characteristic of land plants (leaves, roots)
ecology:
-mostly aquatic
-water necessary for physical support, reproduction, diffusion of nutrients
, -can grow wherever theres water and sunlight
phytoplankton - CORRECT ANSWER - (aka microalgae)
-microscopic life that forms the base of the marine food chain
-contain chlorophyll & require sunlight to live & grow
-provide 70-80% of the planets atmospheric oxygen
-key factor in Earth's carbon cycle
4 most abundant types:
-diatoms (microalgae- euk)
-dinoflagellates (microalgae- euk)
-prochlorococcus (cyanobacteria- not euk)
-synechococcus (cyanobacteria- not euk)
diatoms - CORRECT ANSWER - algae that live in glass houses
-only organism w cell walls composed of silica (frustule)
-most diverse protist (unicell euk)
-diatom diversity is a reflection of adverse effect of damages in an ecosystem
-make 20% of atmospheric oxygen
-contribute half of organic material in ocean
dinoflagellates - CORRECT ANSWER - eukaryotic unicellular microalgae
-have 2 flagella for propulsion & turning
-in marine and freshwater ecosystems
-responsible for harmful algal booms (red tide)
prochlorococcus & synechococcus - CORRECT ANSWER - aka cyanobacteria called
bluegreen algae but are NOT algae
