Lifespan Development Exam Questions with
Complete Correct Solutions
Dr. Jones encountered a problem with a new client in therapy. Using the model of reflective practice
described in Chapter 1, what is the sequence of steps he should use in order to work with this client
effectively? - Answer Reflect on well-established theories; apply the theoretical knowledge to the
individual's case; and then test out new ways of thinking about the problem if prior theory does not
suffice.
Theories of development differ from opinion primarily because - Answer they are based on scientific
research.
Which of the following helpers is most likely to have an implicit "incrementalist" belief about
intelligence? - Answer A counselor who recommends a strategy of academic skill building for a client
who is experiencing academic problems.
Stage theories of development typically describe ____________ changes in behavior, cognition, or social
relationships. - Answer qualitative
Using Erikson's developmental theory as a framework, which of the following statements is an accurate
representation of his ideas? - Answer Successful resolution of a psychosocial crisis at each stage depends
upon having more positive than negative experiences in the area of major concern.
Models of development which hold that change typically occurs in shifts between periods of relative
stability and periods of disequilibrium are called - Answer stage models
Models of development which hold that change occurs as a continuous process are called - Answer
incremental models.
Models of development which hold that change occurs as a function of reciprocal influences, both from
within the person and from the external environment are called - Answer multidimensional models.
In Bronfenbrenner's model, proximal processes refer to - Answer reciprocal interactions between an
organism and its immediate environment.
,Juan, a 7-month-old infant, lives in a city where the availability of high quality child care is very limited.
His mother is forced to leave Juan in the care of a young woman who also cares for five other infants
and toddlers in her small apartment. According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, which of the following
influences on Juan's development represents an example of a proximal process? - Answer The quality of
care-giving Juan receives in day care.
Juan, a 7-month-old infant, lives in a city where the availability of high quality child care is very limited.
His mother is forced to leave Juan in the care of a young woman who also cares for five other infants
and toddlers in her small apartment. Which of the following influences represents an example of a distal
process? - Answer Governmental policies and subsidies for child care that apply in the city.
Seven-month-old Juan and his mother live in a small rented apartment in a large city. Affordable, high
quality child care centers are very hard to find in her neighborhood. Which level of the environment,
according to Bronfenbrenner's model, is limiting her access to high quality day care in her community? -
Answer Exosystem
Contemporary developmentalists focus on which question concerning nature and nurture? - Answer
How do we explain the mechanisms by which nature and nurture interact to affect development?
A group of people characterized by shared traditions, attitudes, values, and beliefs handed down from
one generation to another constitute ______________. - Answer an ethnic group.
The measure of social status that combines aspects of education background, income, and occupation is
called - Answer socioeconomic status.
The belief that individuals create their own knowledge by interpreting new experience in the light of
past experience is a fundamental proposition of - Answer constructivism.
Counselors must recognize the principle of ___________: Individual pathways of development may
result in a wide range of possible outcomes. - Answer multifinality
An attempt to forestall the development of problems by promoting health and wellness in the general
population is called - Answer primary prevention.
,The epigenome is the full set of factors, from the cell to the outside world, that controls the expression
of - Answer hereditary material.
In one animal study of the influence of genes on behavior, offspring of rats with genes for low stress
reactivity were reared by unrelated mother rats with genes for high stress reactivity. This is an example
of - Answer a cross-fostering study.
In one study, young rats exposed to stress vocalized their anxiety. Their mothers, alerted to this distress,
responded with diligent caregiving behavior that altered the development of the hippocampus. Which
of the following processes or principles does this example demonstrate? - Answer Epigenesis.
Based on your knowledge of prenatal development, which of the following sequences
would you expect to be correct? - Answer The heart begins to form before the hands.
Which of the following statements is true about the effects of teratogens on the
developing fetus? - Answer The kind of damage done depends on the stage of development during
exposure.
When she was pregnant with Joey, Joey's mother had a poor diet because food was in short supply in
her war-torn country. The war ended after Joey was born, and his middle-class mother was able to
provide him with adequate, nutritious food throughout his childhood. Which of the following outcomes
is the most likely for Joey? - Answer Joey is at greater risk of serious ongoing health problems than
youngsters who have adequate prenatal nutrition.
The available data indicate that chronic maternal stress during pregnancy has which of the following
effects on the fetus? - Answer Is related to newborn hyperactivity and irritability
Which of the following is an accurate description of the long-term effects of chronic
stress on the body? - Answer The ability of the immune system to fight infection and ward off disease is
compromised.
, The brain is commonly classified into three main parts. They are - Answer forebrain, midbrain and
hindbrain.
The process of myelination is not completed until - Answer well into adulthood.
Which of the following is true with respect to the impact of nurture on the fetus' developing brain? -
Answer The establishment of some synaptic connections in the fetal brain depends upon environmental
input, like sound.
Sally, age 28, recently married John, age 45. They would like to have a child, but they are concerned that
they may be at high risk to have a child with a chromosomal abnormality, like Down's syndrome,
because of John's age. What is their genetic counselor likely to tell them? - Answer They are at higher
than average risk for some chromosomal disorders because of John's age, but not for Down's syndrome.
For most mental illnesses and behavioral disorders, like alcoholism and clinical depression, the genetic
contribution can best be described as - Answer polygenic.
Symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) include - Answer widely spaced eyes and flattened nose.
Children who suffer severe protein and calorie shortages at any age may experience stunted growth, a
protuberant belly, and extreme apathy. This severe starvation syndrome is called - Answer kwashiorkor.
Of the following, which is the most accurate example of coaction? - Answer Genes that are related to a
specific disorder may be expressed phenotypically only in a certain kind of environment.
Robert and Nadine both have been laid off. The couple has inadequate access to food or health care.
When they realize that Nadine is pregnant, they feel desperate, and they talk to a social worker at a
local clinic about their situation. The social worker is able to provide them with referrals to a food outlet,
but she is unable to find a prenatal care clinic that provides free services in their neighborhood.
Considering the effects of multiple risk factors, what is the most likely potential value of the social
worker's efforts? - Answer The fewer risk factors the better, so their unborn child is likely to be better off
even with the limited help the social worker provided.
Complete Correct Solutions
Dr. Jones encountered a problem with a new client in therapy. Using the model of reflective practice
described in Chapter 1, what is the sequence of steps he should use in order to work with this client
effectively? - Answer Reflect on well-established theories; apply the theoretical knowledge to the
individual's case; and then test out new ways of thinking about the problem if prior theory does not
suffice.
Theories of development differ from opinion primarily because - Answer they are based on scientific
research.
Which of the following helpers is most likely to have an implicit "incrementalist" belief about
intelligence? - Answer A counselor who recommends a strategy of academic skill building for a client
who is experiencing academic problems.
Stage theories of development typically describe ____________ changes in behavior, cognition, or social
relationships. - Answer qualitative
Using Erikson's developmental theory as a framework, which of the following statements is an accurate
representation of his ideas? - Answer Successful resolution of a psychosocial crisis at each stage depends
upon having more positive than negative experiences in the area of major concern.
Models of development which hold that change typically occurs in shifts between periods of relative
stability and periods of disequilibrium are called - Answer stage models
Models of development which hold that change occurs as a continuous process are called - Answer
incremental models.
Models of development which hold that change occurs as a function of reciprocal influences, both from
within the person and from the external environment are called - Answer multidimensional models.
In Bronfenbrenner's model, proximal processes refer to - Answer reciprocal interactions between an
organism and its immediate environment.
,Juan, a 7-month-old infant, lives in a city where the availability of high quality child care is very limited.
His mother is forced to leave Juan in the care of a young woman who also cares for five other infants
and toddlers in her small apartment. According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, which of the following
influences on Juan's development represents an example of a proximal process? - Answer The quality of
care-giving Juan receives in day care.
Juan, a 7-month-old infant, lives in a city where the availability of high quality child care is very limited.
His mother is forced to leave Juan in the care of a young woman who also cares for five other infants
and toddlers in her small apartment. Which of the following influences represents an example of a distal
process? - Answer Governmental policies and subsidies for child care that apply in the city.
Seven-month-old Juan and his mother live in a small rented apartment in a large city. Affordable, high
quality child care centers are very hard to find in her neighborhood. Which level of the environment,
according to Bronfenbrenner's model, is limiting her access to high quality day care in her community? -
Answer Exosystem
Contemporary developmentalists focus on which question concerning nature and nurture? - Answer
How do we explain the mechanisms by which nature and nurture interact to affect development?
A group of people characterized by shared traditions, attitudes, values, and beliefs handed down from
one generation to another constitute ______________. - Answer an ethnic group.
The measure of social status that combines aspects of education background, income, and occupation is
called - Answer socioeconomic status.
The belief that individuals create their own knowledge by interpreting new experience in the light of
past experience is a fundamental proposition of - Answer constructivism.
Counselors must recognize the principle of ___________: Individual pathways of development may
result in a wide range of possible outcomes. - Answer multifinality
An attempt to forestall the development of problems by promoting health and wellness in the general
population is called - Answer primary prevention.
,The epigenome is the full set of factors, from the cell to the outside world, that controls the expression
of - Answer hereditary material.
In one animal study of the influence of genes on behavior, offspring of rats with genes for low stress
reactivity were reared by unrelated mother rats with genes for high stress reactivity. This is an example
of - Answer a cross-fostering study.
In one study, young rats exposed to stress vocalized their anxiety. Their mothers, alerted to this distress,
responded with diligent caregiving behavior that altered the development of the hippocampus. Which
of the following processes or principles does this example demonstrate? - Answer Epigenesis.
Based on your knowledge of prenatal development, which of the following sequences
would you expect to be correct? - Answer The heart begins to form before the hands.
Which of the following statements is true about the effects of teratogens on the
developing fetus? - Answer The kind of damage done depends on the stage of development during
exposure.
When she was pregnant with Joey, Joey's mother had a poor diet because food was in short supply in
her war-torn country. The war ended after Joey was born, and his middle-class mother was able to
provide him with adequate, nutritious food throughout his childhood. Which of the following outcomes
is the most likely for Joey? - Answer Joey is at greater risk of serious ongoing health problems than
youngsters who have adequate prenatal nutrition.
The available data indicate that chronic maternal stress during pregnancy has which of the following
effects on the fetus? - Answer Is related to newborn hyperactivity and irritability
Which of the following is an accurate description of the long-term effects of chronic
stress on the body? - Answer The ability of the immune system to fight infection and ward off disease is
compromised.
, The brain is commonly classified into three main parts. They are - Answer forebrain, midbrain and
hindbrain.
The process of myelination is not completed until - Answer well into adulthood.
Which of the following is true with respect to the impact of nurture on the fetus' developing brain? -
Answer The establishment of some synaptic connections in the fetal brain depends upon environmental
input, like sound.
Sally, age 28, recently married John, age 45. They would like to have a child, but they are concerned that
they may be at high risk to have a child with a chromosomal abnormality, like Down's syndrome,
because of John's age. What is their genetic counselor likely to tell them? - Answer They are at higher
than average risk for some chromosomal disorders because of John's age, but not for Down's syndrome.
For most mental illnesses and behavioral disorders, like alcoholism and clinical depression, the genetic
contribution can best be described as - Answer polygenic.
Symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) include - Answer widely spaced eyes and flattened nose.
Children who suffer severe protein and calorie shortages at any age may experience stunted growth, a
protuberant belly, and extreme apathy. This severe starvation syndrome is called - Answer kwashiorkor.
Of the following, which is the most accurate example of coaction? - Answer Genes that are related to a
specific disorder may be expressed phenotypically only in a certain kind of environment.
Robert and Nadine both have been laid off. The couple has inadequate access to food or health care.
When they realize that Nadine is pregnant, they feel desperate, and they talk to a social worker at a
local clinic about their situation. The social worker is able to provide them with referrals to a food outlet,
but she is unable to find a prenatal care clinic that provides free services in their neighborhood.
Considering the effects of multiple risk factors, what is the most likely potential value of the social
worker's efforts? - Answer The fewer risk factors the better, so their unborn child is likely to be better off
even with the limited help the social worker provided.
